reprinted with permission from
No Immediate Danger, Prognosis for a Radioactive Earth, by Dr Rosalie Bertell
The Book Publishing Company -- Summertown, Tennessee 38483
ISBN 0-913990-25-2
pages 15-63.

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References:
    §
  1. `Fission Products' in The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (3rd edn), US Department of Defence and US Department of Energy, 1977, Section 1.60 to 1.66.

    2. §
  2. Karl Z. Morgan, `Suggested Reduction of Permissible Exposure to Plutonium and Other Transuranium Elements', American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, August 1975, pp. 567-75.

    3. §
  3. Karl Z. Morgan, `Hazards of Low-Level Radiation', Yearbook of Science and the Future, Supplement of the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1980.

    4. §
  4. Karl Z. Morgan, `Reducing Medical Exposure to Ionizing Radiation', American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1975, pp. 361-2.

    5. §
  5. H. Müller, `Radiation and Heredity', American Journal of Public Health, vol 54, no. 1, 1964, pp. 42-50.

    6. §
  6. R. Bertell, `X-ray Exposure and Premature Aging', Journal of Surgical Oncology, 9, 1977, pp. 379-91.

    7. §
  7. N. Kochupillai, I. C. Verma, et al., 'Down's Syndrome and Related Abnormalities in the Area of High Background Radiation in Coastal Kerala', Nature, 262: 60, 1976.

    8. §
  8. P. M. E. Sheehan and I. B. Hillary, `An Unusual Cluster of Down's Syndrome, Born to Past Students of an Irish Boarding School', British Medical Journal, vol 287, 12 November 1983. Also Letters and Author's reply, British Medical Journal, vol 288, 14 January 1984.

    9. §
  9. L. S. Penrose and G. F. Smith, Down's Anomaly, Churchill, London, 1966.

    10. §
  10. Carl J. Johnson, `Cancer Incidence in an Area of Radioactive Fallout Downwind from the Nevada Test Site', Journal of the American Medical Association, vol 251, no. 2, 13 January 1984.

    11. §
  11. H. B. Jones, `Estimation of Effect of Radiation Upon Human Health and Life Span', Proceedings of the Health Physics Society, June 1956.

    12. §
  12. L. H. Gray, `Biological Damage by Different Types of Ionizing Radiation' in Biological Hazards of Atomic Energy, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950.

    13. §
  13. Karl Z. Morgan, `Risk of Cancer from Low Level Exposure to Ionizing Radiation', American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, 17 February 1978.

    14. §, §
  14. R. M. Sievert, `Tolerance Levels and Swedish Radiation-protection Work', Proceedings of the Health Physics Society, June 1956, p. 181.

    15. §
  15. M. Eisenbud, `Radioactivity in the Environment -- Radioactive Concentration in the Fetal Thyroid', Pediatrics (Supplement), 41, Part II, 1968, p. 174.

    16. §, §, §, §
  16. ICRP Publication 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1959.

    17. §
  17. H. Muller, `Radiation and Heredity', American Journal of Public Health, vol 54, no. 1, 1964, pp. 42-50.

    18. §
  18. `Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation', BEIR III, US National Academy of Science, National Academy Press, 1980, pp. 74-5.

    19. §
  19. R. Bertell, `Ionizing Radiation Exposure and Human Species Survival', Canadian Environmental Health Review, vol 25, no. 2. June 1981

    20. §
  20. `Basic Radiation Protection Criteria', US National Council on Radiation Protection Report no. 39, pp. 58-60.

    21. §, §
  21. A. M. Stewart, `Delayed Effects of A-Bomb Radiation: A Review of Recent Mortality Rates and Risk Estimates for Five-year Survivors', Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol 36, no. 2, June 1982, pp. 80-6.

    22. §
  22. R. Bertell, Letter to the Interagency Task Force on Low-Level Ionizing Radiation (director F. Peter Libassi); published in Public Comments on the Work Group Reports, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, June 1979.

    23. §
  23. S. Macht and P. Lawrence, `National Survey of Congenital Malformations Resulting from Exposure to Roentgen Radiation', American Journal of Roentgenology, 76, 1955, pp. 442-66.

    24. §
  24. `Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation'. BEIR 111, US National Academy of Science, National Academy Press, 1980, pp. 74-5.

    25. §
  25. ICRP Publication 9, Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1965.

    26. §
  26. Recommended by pioneer researchers A. Mutscheller and R. M. Sievert in 1925. Recommended for international use by the forerunner of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in 1934. Used in most countries until 1950.

    27. §
  27. Recommended by the US National Commission on Radiological Protection (NCRP), 17 March 1934.

    28. §
  28. Recommended hy the US NCRP, 7 March 1949 and hy ICRP, July 1950, for total body exposure.

    29. §
  29. Recommended by ICRP, April 1956 and US NCRP, 8 January 1957, for total body exposure. This allows for 5 rem per year combined dose from sources external to the body, ingested or inhaled sources. This standard is used in most countries of the world today.

    30. §
  30. ICRP 26, Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1978.

    31. §
  31. See op cit., note 12, pp. 96 and 123. British, Canadian and American nuclear physicists met in Chalk River, Canada in September 1949 and at Buckland House, UK in August 1950 to agree on radiation-dose levels for workers. Their recommendations were accepted by ICRP.

    32. §
  32. Karl Z. Morgan, `Hazards of Low-Level Radiation'. Yearbook of Science and the Future, Supplement of the Encyclopedia Britannica. 1980.

    33. §
  33. ICRP Publication 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1959. See also Statistics Needed for Determining the Effects of Environment on Health, US DHEW Publication no. (HRA) 77-1459 (1977).

    34. §
  34. R. Mole, `Radiation Effects on Pre-natal Development and their Radiological Significance', British Journal of Radiology, 52:614, 1979, pp. 89-101.

    35. §
  35. `Ike Sought Confusion Over Nuclear Testing', Associated Press Report, 20 April 1979.

    36. §
  36. For information on past and present nuclear tests in Nevada contact: Citizen's Call, 1321 East 400 South. Salt Lake City, Utah 84102, USA. Official reports on nuclear tests in Nevada are available from the US Department of Energy which operates the test site: Announced United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 to December 1983. NVO-209 (REV.4), January 1984.

    37. §
  37. `Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation', UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Report to the General Assembly, nos. 90-91, 1977.

    38. §
  38. C. E. Land, `The Hazards of Fallout or of Epidemiologic Research', Editorial in New England Journal of Medicine, 300 (8): 431-2, 1979.

    39. §
  39. For ongoing information on atomic veterans contact: International Association of Atomic Veterans, 236 Massachusetts Avenue. N.E., Suite 306, Washington, DC 20002, USA (tel: 202-543-7711).

    40. §
  40. Karl Z. Morgan and J. E. Turner (eds). Principles of Radiation Protection, A Textbook of Health Physics, John Wiley, New York, 1967. See Preface.

    41. §
  41. Dade Moeller, `The President's Message', Health Physics Journal, vol 21, 1971, p. 1.

    42. §
  42. See dialogue in Letters, The Health Physics Society Newsletter, vol XII, May and August 1984.

    43. §
  43. Karl Z. Morgan, `Hazards of Low-Level Radiation'. Yearbook of Science and the Future, Supplement of the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1980.

    44. §
  44. Personal correspondence to the author from Karl Z. Morgan, first Chairperson of the Committee on Internal Exposures, ICRP and director of the health physics programme at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Neely Professor, School of Nuclear Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.





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