o The small letter "e" before a page-number identifies the page where the term is explained or defined. Example: e275
o The rows farthest to the left in this Index are alphabetized on the basis of letters exclusively. Spaces, hyphens, other punctuation marks, and numbers are treated as if they were absent.
o If a part of our text is hard to find again, it may be findable as a sub-entry under some of the big entries, such as:
A-Bomb Survivor Study
AHA (American Heart Association)
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerotic lesions
BEIR reports
Cancer etiology
Causation: Types of evidence
Chromosome
Co-action, among causes of Cancer & IHD
Databases: Protective measures against bias
Delivery-times of cases, post-irradiation
"Demands an explanation"
Dietary approaches to prevention & therapy of IHD
Dose, ionizing radiation
Dose-levels from some current xray procedures
Dose-rate
Dose-reduction, achievements & opportunities
Dose response
Dose-units of ionizing radiation
Endothelial cells of vessels
Fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaque
Fluoroscopy
Ionizing radiation
Latency periods
Matching
MortRate
Multi-step model of carcinogenesis
Mutations
Per capita population dose from medical radn
PhysPop
Pitfalls in epidemiology
Plasma lipoproteins: Basic data
Plasma lipoproteins: Lipid Hypothesis
Plasma lipoproteins: Some current controversies
Prospective studies
Repair system of cell for genetic damage
Risk per rad
"Smoking guns"
Smooth muscle cells of arteries
Track (ionization)
Triglyceride
Unified Model of Atherogenesis & Acute IHD Death
UNSCEAR reports
Xrays
Xrays: History 1896-1960 of medical usage
Xrays: History 1960-1999 of medical usage
[ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | XYZ ]
A
* indicates multiplication. ^ indicates that the next number is an exponent. Abbott (R.D.) 1984: Triglycerides & IHD risk, 566 Abelson (Philip) 1994: He claims hazard of low-dose radn is overestimated, 528. Pls see: Free radical. A-Bomb Survivor Study, e41-e42 Really a LOW-dose study, 42, 46, 48 Dose & age-distribution of participants, 42 Bomb-rads converted to medical rads, 48 Latency intervals: By 1950, cancer-rates rising in exposed population, 92. Of all the radn-induced solid cancers, 22% occurred 40-45 years after the bombing, 49, 357 Study far from completed, 49 Its evidence suggests no threshold-dose, 43, 46 Shape of dose-response, solid cancers, 42-43 Findings on female genital cancers, 162 Gamma-induced benign tumors, 297 Marginal results for IHD, 501-502 Chronic retroactive changes described, 43-44, 54 Solution proposed & demonstrated, 44 Access of xrays to every gene of every cell 8, 40, 343, 536. Other mutagens may lack universal access or activity, 377, 497 Accumulated mutations. Please see: Mutations. Accumulated per-capita pop'n dose. Pls see: PhysPop. Acquired mutations (post-conception), e92, e342 ACS = American Cancer Soc. Described in Ref. List. ACS role in early smoking-health inquiry, 361 Heath (C.W.), view of xray-role in breast canc, 500 ACS 1992: Advice to avoid fluoroscopy, 41 ACS-CA 1992: Cancer MortRates 1930-1940, 210, 505 ACS-CA 1997: Mortality statistics 1993, 276, 278 Acute exposure (all at once), e223 Acute IHD events, e276, e318, e347 Acute radiation syndrome, e520 Adam (Ervin) 1987: Viral etiology, atheroscl, 307, 308 Adaptive responses of cells to radn, 527, 617 Adjusted data (for matching), e82, e367 Such values are always approximations, 381 Hazard of layers of adjustments, 15, 569 Smoking adjustment for post-1940 years, 378-381 We show "before" and "after" values, 367 Adler (Yolanda T.) 1986: Unfavorable review of Gofman/O'Connor Xray book, 51 Adventitia (artery's outer coat), e299 Advocacy reduces scientific credibility? 19-20 Age: Many xray exams occur below age-45, 20, 37 Age and radiation-sensitivity, 20, 37 Age and accumulation of chromosome mutations, 39 Age-adjusted MortRates, defined in Grove 1968, e83 Know which reference year is used, 82 Role in "matching" the 9 Census Divisions, 82, 83 Sample calculations, age-adju MortRates, 87, 88, 503 Age-distribution, 1990 canc MortRate, 32, 84, 88, 356 Age-specific MortRates, e83-84, e498 Age-specific All-Cancer MortRates (1990), 88 Age-specific All-Cancer MortRates (1900-1990), 504 Age-specific Breast Cancer MortRates (1950-1990), 88 AHA = American Heart Assn. Described in Ref. List. Defines types of atherosclerotic lesions, 301 Awards the Lyman Duff Memorial Lectureship, viii, 303, 314, 577 Age-adjusts MortRates to 1940 reference year, 82 AHA role in early smoking-health inquiry, 361 AHA 1995: Congenital heart defects, 37, 278 Annual rates of diseases of the heart, 277-278 No symptoms before 48% of fatal heart attacks, 324 Big progress in controlling hypertension, 287, 350 AHA 1996: Diagnostic cardiac catheterizations, 37 Ahfeldt (P-E.), co-author, Carlson 1979, 565 Ahmed (A.J.) 1990: Tumor hypothesis, plaque, 330 Ahrens (Edward) 1955: Diet & blood lipids, 560 AICR = American Institute of Cancer Research. 1997: Estimates ~ 35 % of cancer due to diet, 495 Alaska omitted, 57, 78, 79, 80 Albert (R.E.) 1977: Atheroscl plaques induced in cockerels by carcinogens, 330 Albumin: Much smaller in size than lipoproteins, 333 Alfthan (G.) 1994: Homocysteine & IHD etiology, 331 All-Cancers-Combined, e107 Age-adju MortRates by Census Divisions, Chaps 6 & 7 Mid-century dose-response with PhysPop, 12-13, 24 Age-adju & age-specific National MortRates, 504 Alpha lipoproteins, 311, 312, 538 Alpha radiation, e517 A "high-LET" radn, e47. Experimental demo: A single alpha particle can induce mutation, 529 Alpha radn: Smoke's primary atherogen? 329 Alpha radn: Smoke's primary lung-carcinogen? 362 AMA = American Medical Assn. Described in Ref. List. AMA 1950: Registry of U.S. Physicians, 58 AMA 1965: Distribution of U.S. Physicians: Ref List. AMA 1982: PhysPop data, 58 AMA 1986: PhysPop data, 58 AMA 1990: PhysPop data, 75 AMA 1993: Categories of physicians, 57, 58, 70 AMA 1994: Physpop data, 58, 75 Ambrose (J.A.) 1986+1988: Degrees of stenosis, 322 American Cancer Society. Please see: ACS. American Heart Assn. Please see: AHA. American Roentgen Ray Society, 27, 29, 609 Ames (Bruce N.) 1989+1995: Rate of endogenous DNA damage, 528, 531, 532 Amromin (G.D.) 1964: Co-action between high-dose x-radiation and cholesterol-feeding, 604 Anderson (K.) 1985: How to cut xray dose, 23 Anderson (Robert E.) 1989: Autopsy data, canc, 81 Anderson (T.J.) 1995: IHD therapy, prevention, 345 Andrus (Prof. E. Cowles): Served well as a neutral in arguments which occurred, 545 Anesthesia, and sudden death, 28 Aneuploidy (wrong number of chromosomes), e533, e534 Angina pectoris, e276 Angio. Relating to a vessel, usually a blood vessel. Angiogenesis, e300. Research on its stimulation (IHD), 300. Research on its suppression (cancer) 536 Angiography = an xray examination (including fluoroscopy) of the blood vessels, 34, 303 Angioplasty = a medical procedure to increase the interior diameter of a stenotic artery by inflating a balloon on the tip of a catheter. Re-stenosis may occur. Associated xray dose, 36, 600 Anitschkow (N.) 1933: World-famous research on "rabbit atherosclerosis" induced by cholesterol-feeding, 317, 538 Antonis (A.) 1961: Diet & serum triglycerides, 560 Apoptosis (enzyme-regulated cell-death), e340, 377 Apple (Raymond) 1994+1995: Inherited vulnerability to cervical cancer, 164-165 Approximation is inherent in adjusted data, 381 Arbeit (J.) 1996: Co-action in cervical canc, 165 Armstrong (M.L.) 1989: Plaque obstructs lumen only late in its growth, 303 Arnesen (E.) 1995: Serum homocysteine & IHD, 331 Arrhythmia, e276 Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease, e275. Artom (C.) 1965: Co-action, radn & cholesterol, 605 Aspirin & heart attacks, 352, 567 Astonishment when strong, positive PhysPop-IHD correlation was uncovered, 13, 16, 233 Atherosclerosis, e275, 299, e301-e303 Develops over years, decades, 300, 349, 595 Controversy over what starts the process, 300, 305 "Schools" of thought on etiology, Chaps 44 + 45 Non-radn non-lipid risk-factors, 332, 337, 349-351 Independent atherogens vs. markers, 306, 543-544, 552-554, 565-566, 577-585, 586 Atheroscl as precursor to stroke, gangrene too, 307 Atherosclerotic lesions, described: 300-304, 323, 339-341. Formal "types," e301, e348-e349. The adjacent tissue is healthy, 300, 301, 302, 338, 339, 349 Lesions initially grow away from lumen, 303, 322 Thrombogenic lipid core, 323 Plaque is "hive of activity," 339, 347 Unpredictable path of evolving lesions, 321, 348-349 Progression of lesions. Please see: Progression. High-dose radn causes vessel-and-heart damage which differs from athero lesions 1, 9, 16, 275, 599-608 Atomic Energy Commission: Its 1940-1950 radn experts were transferred from medical world, 31 AEC alarmed by analysis in Gofman 1969-b, viii, 533 Autopsy observations. Cancer & general, 81-82 Lesions of the heart & vessels, 301, 600-606 Failure to fund autopsies in clinical trials, 82 Autopsy rates & PhysPop-cancer dose-response, 510 Avins (Andrew L.) 1989+1997: Are high serum tri- glyceride levels an indep risk factor for IHD? 316 "Awe, humility, and gratitude" (for gene-repair), 524B
Babies fluoroscoped during check-ups, 29, 31, 610 "Background" canc-rate includes xray-cases, 50, 91 Background radn, e520. Pls see: Natural background. Bacterial infections. As atherogens, 309-310. As carcinogens, 210, 435. Baermann (G.) 1904: Radiation injures vessels, 607 Bailar (J.C.) 1997: Age-adjusting to 1990, 82 Barter (P.) 1995: Pravastatin Study & breast ca, 320 Baverstock (Keith) 1981+1983+1987: Radium dials, 524 1991: Response to Billen 1990, 524 1992: Latency < 5yr, Chernobyl-induced thyroid ca, 91 BEIR. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (a govt- sponsored Com'tee at US Natl Academy of Sci), e114 BEIR 1972 (BEIR-1): Latency < 5yr for bomb-induced leukemia, 91. Mutagenicity (RBE) of radns, 518 BEIR 1980 (BEIR-3 Report): Cancer is major effect of ionizing radn, 11, 40 Hiroshima & Nagasaki autopsy data, re cancer, 81 BEIR 1990 (BEIR-5 Report): Cig-smoke irradiates bronchial epithelium, 362 Co-actors modify radn's potency/rad, 114, 376-77 Comtee cannot explain big variation risk/rad, 48 Comtee says "legitimate" questions exist because some low-dose studies produce risk-estimates "substantially" higher than BEIR-1990's own, 11 Radn induces benign tumors as well as cancer, 297 Xrays more potent than bomb radn, 46 BEIR 1999 (BEIR-6 Report): Co-actors, 4. Co-actors modify radn's potency/rad, 114, 377 Fractional causation, 4 Bell (F.P.) 1974a+b: How do lipids enter intima? 318 Benditt (Earl P.), pathologist, Univ. Washington. 1973+1974+1976+1977+1988: Monoclonal hypothesis of atherosclerosis, 1, 6, 16, 325-327, 339, 350 "Benign smooth muscle tumor," 327 Comments by others, 328-331 1976: Description of atherosclerotic lesions, 301 1988: Some wise words about research, 352 Benefit-risk of dose-cutting: All benefit, no risk, 18 Benefits of lipid-lowering, 318-321, 322, 345-346, 353 And endothelial function, 345 Add'l entry: Stabilization of plaque. Benefits of medical radn, 9, 17, 19, 91, 234, 515 Benign tumors, radiation-inducible, 297 Bennett (H.S.) 1956: How do lipids enter intima? 317 Best estimate, central value, e95. Most likely value, 217, 283 Best-fit equation, e63 Best-fit line, e63. Add'l entry: Steepness. Beta lipoproteins, 311, 312, 538 Beta radiation, beta particle, e517. And 44, 47, 329 High-energy betas less mutagenic than xrays, 9 Low-energy tritium is very mutagenic, 47 Beutler (E.) 1962: On enzymes in mosaicism, 326 "Beyond a reasonable doubt," 213, 272, 367, 513 Bias-free databases used by this monograph, 14, 52, 55, 111, 216, 283, 295, 501 Add'l entry: Databases, protective measures ag bias "Bickering (unnecessary) to no good end," 608 Bierman (Edwin L.), 350 1976: Smooth muscle cells & LDL, 327 1992: About 75% of diabetics die of IHD, 247 1992: Role of plasma triglycerides in atheroscl, 316 Bihari-Varga (M.) 1967: Lipid retention, intima, 318 Billen (Daniel) 1990+1991: On endogenous free radicals, 528. Proposes an equivalence between endogenous metabolic free radicals and free radicals induced by ionizing radn; then argues that low-dose radn is a negligible hazard, 530-532 Demonstrated fallacy of free-radical argument, 531-2 Biologically unnatural energy (transferred by ionizing radiation to molecules), 8, 38, 532 Biopsies which are xray guided, 35 Bishop (Louis) 1922: Fluoroscopy, widespread use, 29 Bittl (John H.) 1996, NEJM review article: Endorses intense effort to lower lipid levels, 319 How lipid-lowering achieves its benefit, 345 Moderate stenosis and acute IHD events, 322 Bjorkerud (S.) 1971: Injury, intimal endothelium, 306 Black (A.) 1975: Intense exertion & acute IHD, 324 Black's Crack in the Plaque (plaque rupture), 324 Blanchard (R.L.) 1967: Alpha radn in cig. smoke, 362 Blankenhorn (David H.), 1992 Lyman Duff Award, 303. 1987: CLAS Study on Colestipol Niacin Therapy, 336 1993: MARS, Monitored Atheroscl Regression, 336 1994: Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture, 303-304, 316, 321, 322, 325, 347 (progression) Problem in detecting progression, regression, 303-4 Blatz (Hanson) 1970: Mid-century well-baby exams used fluoroscopy for first 2 yrs of life, 29 Boice (J.D.,Jr.) 1977+1978+1981+1991: Breast-cancer effect of serial low-dose fluoroscopies, 523 Bomb-rads: Conversion to medical-rads, 47 "Bombs" or violent energy-deposits by radn, 8, 38, 517 Bond (V.P.) 1978: Xrays more damaging than gammas, 47 Bone-marrow dose, 34 Borek (C.) 1983: Xrays more damaging than gammas, 47 Bosch (F.X.) 1995: Cervical canc & HPV infect'n 164-65 Bottinger (L.A.), co-author, Carlson 1979, 565 Boveri (Theodor) 1914: A scientist far ahead of his time who suggested chromosomal abnormality as a cause of human cancer, 533 Boxy symbols of graphs, e92, e95, e110. How to know which box is which Census Div, 110. Sample, 220-221 Boyer (Herbert) 1996: Over-analysis, before starting a project, can cause paralysis, 55 Braestrup (Carl B.), physicist, New York hospitals. 1942: Fluoroscopic over-exposures, 29-30, 612 1969: Limit set at 100 roentgens/exam, 30 Bragdon (J.H.) 1956: Composition of lipoproteins, 333 Braunwald (Eugene) 1997 in NEJM Shattuck Lecture: Half of IHD cases have no established risk, 337 Breast cancer. Age-adjusted MortRates flat over time, vs. rising incidence, 423, 506 Age-specific MortRates USA, 88, 423 And dietary fat, 569 And pravastatin, 320 Current share of Breast Canc due to medical xrays: 75% (from Gofman 1995/96), 5, 52, 125, 500, 501 83% (from this monograph), 423, 501 1% (from Evans 1986), 500, 501 Reasons for the Gofman-Evans disparity, 500-501 Serial low-dose fluoroscopy & Breast Cancer, 28, 48, 501, 523-524. Breast Cancer provides much evidence on low-dose radiation carcinogenesis, 51 Brenner (D.J.) 1989: Low energy xrays=extra damage, 47 Brensike, (J.F.) 1984: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Brewen, (J.G.) 1973: Chromosome breakage by radn, 38 Bronchitis (chronic) and smoking, 362 Brosius (F.C. III) 1981: Heart damage by radn, 605 Brown (B. Greg) 1986+1989+1990+1993: Etiology of atheroscl & acute events, 318, 321, 322, 323, 325, 336, 345, 347-348 Characteristics of rupture-prone plaques, 323 Less stenotic lesions more numerous, perilous 347-48 Plaque stabilization, 318, 345 Buchwald (H.) 1990: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Bucky (Gustav) 1927: `Grenz' (soft) xrays, 30-31 Budowski (P.) 1985: n-3 vs. n-6 fatty acids, 569 Buja (L.M.) 1994: Stabilization of plaques, 325 Burke (Allen P.) on plaque rupture and erosion: 1998: Plaque erosion & sudden death in women, 321 1999: Plaque rupture, exercise vs. rest, 321, 324 Burney (Leroy E.), 1957 warning about smoking, 361 Burr (M.L.) 1989, DART Study: Fish, fish oils 568, 569 Burton (E.C.) 1998: Autopsy and canc. diagnosis, 82 Buschke (Franz) 1942: Well-baby fluoroscopy: 610, 612 Est. dose = 100 R during first year of life, 29 Concern over causing inherited afflictions, 31C
CAD = Coronary Artery Disease, e7, e275 Calcium deposits in atheroscl plaque: 34, 303, 304, 305, 329, 347. Detection by fast CT scans, 34 Calcium deposition in other lesion-types too, 329 Campbell (Gordon R.) 1988, Smooth muscle cells are multi-functional, 306 Cancer deaths (USA, 1993) = 529,904 (23.4%), 276, 278 Cancer etiology: Why cancer called 100 diseases, 535 Ionizing radn is an undisputed cause, 2, 7, 40-41, 521-529. Pre-xray etiology, 10, 209, 210. Single-cell origin of malignancy, 325, 526, 529, 534 Initiation-promotion model, 3, 114, 330, 376, 526 Multi-mutation model, 3, 526 Inherited predisposition, 3, 51, 164-165, 495, 496 Add'l entries: Co-action. Infections. Mutation. Cancer MortRates: Some types rise while others fall, 210, 496-497 Add'l entries: All-Cancers-Combined. MortRates. "Carbohydrate effect" on plasma lipoprots, 315, 316, e560, 564, 573 High carbohydrate diets, not always healthy, 311, 315, 555, 560, 573 Low carbohydrate therapy, 560, 561, 574, 575 Carcinogenesis. Please see: Cancer, etiology. Cardiac arrest, e276 Cardiac catheterizations, 37. Multiple, 600 CardioVascular Diseases (CVD), e276-e278. Trends, 287 Carlson (L.A.) 1979: Serum triglyceride as predictor of heart attack rate, 565 Caro (C.) 1971: Injury of arterial endothelium, 307 Cashin-Hemphill (L.) 1990, CLAS II: IHD therapy, 336 Castelli (William P.) 1986: Framingham Study, 546-547, 565-566 Dose-response shown between entry-level Sf 0-20 cholesterol-rich lipoproteins & IHD, 546-547 Dose-response shown between entry-level of Sf 20- 400 triglyceride-rich lipoproteins & IHD, 546, 565 "Individuals who have high triglyceride levels should be considered at high risk for CHD," 566 Cathcart (M.K.) 1985: Oxidized LDL & endothelium, 307 Catheters: Placement guided by xrays, 9, 35, 37 Multiple cardiac catheterizations & xray dose, 600 Causation: Types of evidence. Evidence that putative cause precedes effect: 1921 PhysPops predict 1940 Canc MortRates, 213-14 1931 PhysPops predict 1950 IHD MortRates, 296, 513 Does Chlamydia infection precede plaque? 310 Elevated plasma lipoproteins precede infarct, 544-547, 580 Positive dose-response is presumptively causal, 55, 296, 513, 514. "Gold standard," 213, 513. Correlation alone is not proof of causation, 213, 272, 513, 514 Example: Correlated Canc-IHD MortRates, 642-644 Correlation PLUS add'l info & logic, 272, 295, 513 "Beyond a reasonable doubt," 213, 272, 513 Determination that an agent makes an independent contribution to the effect, and is not just correlated with the real causal agents ("Not easy to do," 544). Examples. C-reactive protein, 306. Chlamydia, 310. Sf 20-400, 316. Hyperinsulin- emia, 350-351. Sf 20-100, 543-544. HDL as anti- atherogen, 577-585. "Small dense LDL," 586-593. Clinical intervention trials, 309, 318-320, 332 Examination: Any alternative, equally reasonable explanation? 15, 112, 507-512, 642-644 Celermajer (D.S.) 1998: MRI may be capable of identifying rupture-prone plaques, 323 Cell division: Distribution of chromosomes, 39 Cells not always killed by mutation, 8, 39 Cells per gram of tissue, 39, 44, 518, 529 Cell-traversals required to deliver one rad, 47 Census Bureau 1951+1959, populations for PhysPop, 58 Census Divisions: Distribution of the states, 57 Populations sizes of the Divisions, 1910-1990, 75 Stability of PhysPop ranking by Divs, 61, 66 Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 79 "Central Dogma" about stenosis is re-examined, 322 And general wisdom about role of smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis is challenged too, 323-324 Central value, e95 Cervical cancer and co-actors, 164-165. Smoking, 165 cGy (centi-gray), e517. One rad. Chambers (R.) 1947: How do lipids enter intima? 317 Chang (C-c.), co-author of Trosko 1980, 329, 350 Chemotherapy for cancer: Slow beginning ~ 1943, 509 Cheng (G.C.) 1993: Stress on fibrous cap, 323 Cheng (Keith. C.) 1993: Genomic instability, 533, 534 Chernobyl-induced thyroid cancer within 5 years, 91 Chesebro (J.H.) 1992: Anti-thrombotic agents, 352 Chest xrays: Dose now ~100-fold lower than 1950, 34 Chlamydia pneumoniae & IHD, 309-310 Cholesterol, e562. Endogenous & dietary, 314, 538 Cholesterol-rich lipoproteins, e313, e333, e550 "Total cholesterol" measurement is not fully informative, 316, 556, 561 Hypercholesterolemia: Synergism with radiation in rabbits, rats, pigeons, 604-605 Deposition & removal of cholesterol from plaque, 578 Cholesterol & Recurrent Events Study, 320-321 Chromosome, e537. Accurate count, in 1956, 533 Distribution during cell-division, 39, 533, 537 Chromosomal mutations from radn, 5, 7, 38, 39 Types of structural re-arrangements, 39, 533 Accumulation with advancing age, 39 Very low doubling dose, 5, 7, 9, e39, 343, 515 Dose-response detectable 45 years later, 50 Enzyme-guided breaks vs. messy radn breaks, 39 Chromo "instability." Pls see: Genomic instability Chylomicron, e312, e333 Ciampricotti (R.) 1989: Heart attacks, soon after vigorous exercise, 324 Cigarette smoking: Annual rates, 1900-1994, 363, 371 Gender-difference in smoking behavior, 364-365 Recognized as carcinogen & IHD risk-factor, 361-362 Role of alpha-radn? 329 (IHD), 362, 536 (cancer). Implicated in non-Respiratory-System cancer 165, 411 Named as co-actor in cancer (BEIR), 114, 376 Evidence that smoking-intensity was NOT alike across the Nine Census Divisions, and was inversely correlated with PhysPop, 366-367, 369 Cigar-smoking: Approx as risky as cigarettes, 363 Circumstantial evidence, 213, 272, 295, 513 Cirrhosis of the liver, 81 Clarke (M.) 1995: Unclear benefit of radiotherapy for breast cancer, 509 Clarkson (T.B.) 1994: Plaque obstructs lumen only late in its growth, 303 Clone, e325, e339 Clones (dysfunctional) of non-SMCs possible too, 339 Co-action, among causes of cancer & IHD, e3, 495 Necessary co-actors, e3, e4, e98, e114, e283, e362, e376, e495 Multiple co-actors per case of disease, 3, 4, 98 Implication for preventing diseases, 4, 283 Relation of co-action with Fractional Causation, e4 Carcinogenic co-actors alter each other's potency, 4, 90, 98, 114, 376-377, 441, 497, 623 How: 377, 497 List: Cancer co-actors w. radn, from BEIR, UNSCEAR, 114, 377. Co-actors in cervical ca, 164-165. Co-action, smoking and radon, 4 Co-action, xrays and dietary cholesterol, 604, 605 Add'l entries: Cancer, etiology. Multi-step model. Cobalt-60 and track-analysis, 525-526 Cohen (M.) 1985: How to cut xray dose, 23 Cohn (Edwin J.) 1946: Alpha & beta lipoproteins, 311 Cohn (K.E.), co-author of Stewart 1967, 601 Colditz (Graham): AAAS Breast Cancer Symposium, 51 Collateral vessels, e300. And silent occlusions, 349 Collimation of xray beam, 30, 34, fluoroscopy 36, 610 Comments of note: About hesitation (Herb Boyer), 55 On common obstacle to progress (Orville Wright), 515 About progress in research (Earl Benditt), 352 ComPrinci 1978: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Computed tomography. Please see: CT scans. "Concrete": MortRates set in concrete by PhysPop, 212 Confidence limits on an estimate, e95 C.L. on est. Fractional Causation, 14, 112-113, 116 Confounding variables. Please see: Matching. Connective tissue = extracellular matrix, 340 Connor (Sonja L.), co-author of Connor 1997, 555 Connor (William E.), on diet and IHD, 556 1986: Metabolic effects of n-3 fatty acids, 563 1997: Exasperated by contradictory advice, 555 Consensus 1985: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Constant-cohort, dual-dosimetry analysis, e44 Constant, in linear regression, 14, e64, e94-95, e111. Add'l entry: Negative Constants. Control groups, 91, 618, 619. Placebo, 319-320 Cook (Linda S.) 1997: Genital talcum powder: Users have higher risk of ovarian cancer, 164 USA: 28 to 51% of women use it, 164 Co-op 1956: First prospective study of certain serum lipoproteins, cholesterol, and IHD, 541, 545-546 Coresh (Josef) 1996, and Peter Kwiterovich in JAMA on "Small, Dense LDL Particles and CHD Risk," 586 Coronary arteries, e299 Correlation, perfect & linear, e63, e92 Correlation and causation. Please see: Causation. Correlation can persist while x and y variables change in opposite directions, 97-98 Correlation axiom for radn-induced cancer, e99 Cotran (Ramzi S.), co-author of Munro 1988, 302 Courtice (F.C.) 1962: Transfer-rate of lipoproteins across capillary wall varies with size, 317 Cox (Roger): NRPB rejects threshold, 527 Cralley (L.J.) 1968: Asbestos in talcum powder, 163 Cramer (D.W.) 1982: Talc, asbestos, and elevated rate of ovarian cancer, 163-164 Credibility in science: Reduced by advocacy? 19 Ruined by discarding barriers against bias, 43, 54 Undermined by conflict-of-interest, 54-55 Crete: Heart-healthy diet, 566 cSv (centi-sievert), e518. One rem. CT scans: Dose level per exam rising, 34 Frequent organ-dosage per exam: 1-5 rads, 49 35% of CT exams received below age 45, 37 Ultra-fast CT scans detect athero calcium deposit 34 "Culprit" plaques (the ones causing acute events), 347 Cumulative effect of radn, 9. Please see: Mutation. Cuzick (J.) 1994: Radiotherapy for breast cancer and cardiac-related deaths, 508-509 CVD = CardioVascular Diseases, e276-278 CytoMegaloVirus (CMV) and IHD, 307, 308D
Danesh (J.) 1997: Infections & vascular disease, 310 Daoud (A.S.) 1963: Plaque rupture & heart attack, 324 Databases: Protective measures against bias. Some well-established barriers to bias, 43 First obligation of analysts, 14, 216 Einstein would be misled, 216 Peril from "fiddlers," 43-44, 546 Potential for tainted databases, 54-55, 216, 295 Status should be "above suspicion," 44 Davidson (M.) 1998: Infection and IHD, 309 Davidson (R.G.) 1963: Mosaicism, inactive genes, 325 Davies (M.J.) 1985+1990: Plaque rupture, 321, 322 Davis (Devra Lee): AAAS Breast Cancer Symposium, 51 Dawber (Thomas R.), Framingham Heart Study: In 1965, he provided list of de novo cases of IHD in 4,509 entrants whose lipoproteins were measured by Donner Lab 12 years earlier, 546, 579 Deaths, USA, 1993: 15 Leading Causes, 278 DeBakey (Michael E.): Viral etiology, atheroscl, 307 Defense Department: Depended on medical professionals for advice on radn, 31 DeLalla (Oliver F.), valued member, Donner group, 315 1954-a: Ultracentrifugal techniques, 541, 557, 558 1954-b: High-density lipoproteins, 312, 587 1958: Livermore Lipoprotein Study, 547, 577 1961: Lipoprotein inter-correlations, 544, 577 Deletions, e39, e534. Radn-induced, 5, 7, 38-39 Delivery time of cases, post-irradiation, e49 Build-up due to gradual deliv'y 89-90, 101, 210, 499 Equilibrium of production & delivery rates, 90, 101 Build-down after reducing radn dose, 90-91, 101, 356 Cancer MortRates are affected by radn-exposures decades earlier, 32, 52, 108, 212, 356 Please see: Latency periods. DeLorgeril (Michel) 1994-b: Inflammation, athero, 325 DeLorgeril (Michel) 1994+1996+1997+1998+1999, Lyon Diet Heart Study (Mediterranean Diet): 556, 566-569 Possible reasons for its benefits, 568-569 "Demands an explanation," 13, 15, 234, 272, 337, 343, 355, 512, 514, 644 Dental xrays, 30, 31, 610 USA: Estimated 100 million exams per year, 11 Dependent variable, in dose-response, 11 Despres (J-P.) 1996: Hyperinsulinemia and IHD, 351 Dewing, (Stephen B.) 1969: Fine book on radiation therapy in non-malignant disease, 30 DHA (an n-3 long-chain fatty acid), e563 Diabetes Mellitus: Rule-change for reporting deaths in diabetics, 22, 84, 247, 274 Therapy of acidosis: Non-random, serial lipoprotein changes observed, 315, 335 DM is a risk-factor for IHD, 247, 350 DM etiology: Trosko's view, 330 Impact of anti-biotics, 618 Dicentric mutation, 46e. Also: 9, 39 Dietary approaches to prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis & IHD, 315, 555-576 A single regime is not right for everyone, 556-558 Carbohydrate: 311, 555, 560-561, 572-575 Animal vs. veg fat: 558-559, 572 Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids: 556, 562-564, 566-569 Being overweight, 556, 569-571 Difference Cancers (All But Respiratory), e187, e411 Digital radiography, 34-35 DiLeonardo (A.) 1993: Gene amplification, 535 "Disasters-in-waiting," 322-323 District of Columbia, omitted, 57, 78, 79, 80 DNA, e537. Diameter of double helix = 2 nm, 38 Free radicals damage DNA constantly, 38, 530-531 Unrepaired damage = mutation, 38, 39, 340, 531 Please see: Repair. Dobbin (Mrs.Virginia) 1957, Chief Dietician at Cowell Memorial Hospital, UC Berkeley, 556, 558 Dobson, (R.L.) 1976: LowEnergy radn = extra damage, 47 "Dogma" falls on role of smooth muscle cells, 323, 324 "Dogma" falls on severity of stenosis, 322 "Dogma": Gofman's "heresy" is now "dogma" (1984), 314 Doll. R. Doll, 1976: Smoking-related lung-cancer, 363 Dollinger (Malin R.) 1965+1966: Heart damage from radiation therapy for Hodgkins, 600-601 Donaldson (S.W.) 1951: Est. xray frequency at mid- century, 31, 609-611, 615 Donner Laboratory, Lipoprotein Studies, 1948-present, 310-317, 538-561. In most of the early work, Frank T. Lindgren, Alex V. Nichols, Beverly Strisower, and Oliver DeLalla made major contributions beyond the published papers which bear their names, 310-314. Additionally, Thomas P. Lyon (cardiologist) was indispensable in organizing the acquisition of patients for the case-control studies. Donner Dinner 1990: Gofman 1990-b in Ref. List. Dose, ionizing radiation: Lowest possible dose & dose-rate, e44, e45, e521, e525, e527 From rads to tracks, conversion, 45, 522, 525 From bomb-rads to medical-rads, conversion, 48 Dose is cumulative, 9, 12 Low, moderate, high dose-ranges, 519 Entrance-dose versus organ-dose, 519, 611 Two biggest sources of voluntary irradiation, 536 Evidence against any safe dose, 44-46, 521-529 Avg per-capita population dose, 11, 33, 34, 37-38 Reasons for profound uncertainty, 33-38 Avg per-patient dose: Likely to be similar in all Nine Census Divs, 93-94, 623 Please see: Dose-units. Dose-levels from some current xray procedures, 48-49 "Significant radiological impact" (UNSCEAR), 17 Examples: CT, Upper GI, Interventional Fluoro- scopy, Thallium-201, 48-49. Angioplasty, 36, 600 Dose-rate per minute from fluoroscopy, 612 Some procedures often giving over 100 rads, 36, 600 Model dose-levels vs. true dose-levels, 11, 33 Measurement of dose seldom done, past or now, 11, 17, 20, 30, 33, 36, 37, 609 Dose-level varies from place to place, 11, 17, 33 Dose-level varies with size of patient, 11 Adult bone-marrow dose, 34 Doses from cancer radiotherapy, 520, 600, 601, 602 Please see: Xrays, history, 1960-1999. Dose-levels: Natural level vs. acute lethal dose, 520 Dose rate, minimal, e44, e45, e521-522, 527 Nuclear workers accumulate mutations from receiving low-doses of radn at minimal dose-rate, 9, 521 Dose-reduction, achievements & opportunities: 515, 536 Demonstrated ways, 2, 9, 17, 18, list 23, 33, 35, 36 Doses cut to one-third in actual practice, 51 Fluoroscopy, 23, 36 Mammography, 2, 18 Spine exams for scoliosis patients, 17-18 Chest films, 34 Proper processing of films, 35 Collimation of beam to organ, 34 Measurement: A key requirement, 18 Leaders in professional education: Gray & Mettler, 9 Hippocratic Oath, 18 Cases already "in the pipeline," 91 Dose-response, explained, 53, 55, 96, 111, 212 Quantitative variation in cause controls quantita- tive variation in effect, 96, 209, 212, 296 Example of an ABSENT dose-response, 161-163, 167 Presumptive evidence of causation, 55, 296, 513 Please see: Causation. Leveling-off (flattening) at high doses, 43, 520 Add'l entries: Linear. Supra-linear. J-shaped. Dose-units of ionizing radiation: 517-519 Double-strand chromosome breaks 8, 38-9, 526, 527, 528 The "hallmark" of radn-induced mutations, 528 Repair is error-prone, 45, 528 Doubling-dose, e9, e39. DD is low for radn-induced mutations, 5, 7, 9, 39 (in rads), 343, 515 Doud (A.) 1964: Smooth muscle cells of athero, 301 DS86 dosimetry, A-Bomb Study, 43 "Duck" adage: "If it walks like a duck ..." 298 Duff (G. Lyman) and Gardner MacMillan, 1948+1949: Crucial experiments on cholesterol-fed alloxan diabetic rabbits, 539 G. Lyman Duff Memorial Award, viii, 303, 314, 577 Dunsmore (Lillian D.) 1986: Heart damage from radn therapy shows "striking difference" from atherosclerosis, 605-606 Dunsmore (Richard) 1986+1996: Heart damage from high-dose radiation, 605, 606 Duplex (DNA), e528. The double-helix. Dysfunctional SMC Mini-Tumors: How they arise and what they do, 340-342 Numerous genetic pathways to SMC dysfunction, 341 Expanding plaque may acquire normal SMCs too, 347 Mutation-induced dysfunction may occur also in non-SMC arterial cells, 339E
Easton (Alyssa), CDC Office on Smoking & Health, 365 Educational level vs. smoking habits, 364, 368 Edwards (A.A.), NRPB rejects threshold, 527 Effective dose equivalent, e518-519 Effusion, presence of escaped fluid, 602 Einstein (Albert) himself would produce false answers from a false database, 216 Electrons: Endowed by radiation with biologically unnatural kinetic energy, 8 Elkeles (Arthur) 1961+1966+1968+1969+1977: Reports high alpha-radiation levels in plaques, 329 Embolus, embolism, e276 "Emphatic assurances of safety," (examples), 31, 32 Emphysema and smoking, 362 Enas (E.A.) 1998: Serum triglyceride & atheroscl, 316 Endocardium, e599 Endothelial cells of vessels, e299 Various functions of arterial endothelium, 307 Lipid-lowering may improve their function, 345 Endo. intact at sites of early athero lesions, 307 Permeability of endothelium to solutes in the bloodstream, 310, 316-318. Lipids enter intima without endothelial injury, 318 Endothelium & damage by high-dose radiation, 607 Engelberg (Hyman), valued member of Donner group; cardiologist: 1952a+b: Aberrant lipoprotein levels, diabetes, 543 1996: Deficient endogenous heparin & atheroscl, 350 Entrance dose, e611 "Entropic circumstances" in epidemiology, e99-100 Environmental factor = any exogenous factor, 327 EPA (an n-3 long-chain fatty acid), e563 Epicardium, e599 Epidemiologic pitfalls. Please see: Pitfalls. Epstein (Samuel): AAAS breast cancer symposium, 51 Epstein (Stephen E.) 1994: CMV & p53 protein, 309 Equation for a straight line (y = mx + b), e63, e92 Equation of best fit, e63, e94 Equilibrium: Entry-exit rates of lipoprots, e317, 318 Equilibrium: Production & delivery rates, cancer, e90 Equilibrium would not be reached by 1940, 624 Potential pitfall in cancer research, 50 Error-correction (1952) for measurement of Std Sf 0-12 lipoproteins, 541, 545 Erythema dose, e28 (early dosimeter for xrays) Essential hyperlipemia, 335, 588 Ester, esterified, e562 Etiology. The study of the causation of any disease, or the sum of current wisdom about the causes. European 1987: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Evans (H.J.) 1978+1979: Chromosome damage, radn, 39 Evans (John S.) 1986: "Less than 1% of all cases of breast cancer results from diag. radiography," 500 Critique of the Evans analysis, 500-501 Evans (Nancy): Big role in birth of Hypothesis-1, 51 Evens (Ronald) 1995: "Xray mania" in USA 1896, 27-28 Excess cases of disease beyond expected, 91, 525 "Executed in plain view," 14 Exercise (strenuous) & plaque rupture, 324 Expert Panel 1993 (USA): Endorses regimes to reduce serum LDL cholesterol levels, 319, 336 Extracellular matrix = connective tissue, 340 Extra smoking in MidTrio & LowTrio Census Divs, 381F
Fabricant (C.G.) 1978: Viral etiology of IHD, 307, 308 Faggiotto (A.) 1984+1984-b: Early athero lesions, 307 Fajardo (Luis F.) 1968+1973+1977: Heart damage from radiation therapy, 601-605, 606, 607 Fallout (radioactive) from bombs, 31-32, 521 Fat (dietary), 556-576 Oversimplification of advice, 558 Animal vs. vegetable is inadequate distinction, 562 Fatty acid, e562-563 Fatty streaks of intima, e302. In children, 338 FDA on fluoroscopic & other xray doses: 1992: Upper GastroIntestinal Exam, 49 1994: Advisory on fluoroscopic over-doses, 36 1994: How many rads = erythema dose, 28 1994: Current fluoroscopic dose/minute, 612 Fearon (E.R.) 1990: Sequence of cancer mutations, 535 Felton (C.V.) 1994: Dietary fatty acids & plaque, 569 Fenestra (channels), e299, 317, 318 Fernandez-Ortiz (A.) 1994: Lipid-core of plaque is highly thrombogenic, 323 Fetal irradiation. Frequency, 17, 30, 342. Carcinogenic, 32, 524. Atherogenic, 342. Fialkow (P.J.) 1974: Enzymes reveal cell ancestry, 326 Fibrous cap of athero plaque, e302, e303, e323 Rupture-prone plaques have thinned fibrous cap & large lipid core, 323 Maintenance & repair of cap's collagen meshwork, 323 Dysfunctional SMCs can cause vulnerable cap, 342 "Fiddlers" with a database, 43 Films (xray), e30, 31, 33 How much the sales increased, 1963-1980, 34 Correct processing would cut xray dose, 35 Photons which never reach film do the damage, 8 Finkel (Toren) 1995: p53 gene and viruses, 309 "First obligation of objective investigators," 216 First question: Do their radn histories differ? (if two groups have different cancer rates), 536 Fish oils & health, 563-565 Flavahan, (N.A.) 1992: LDL-chol. & endothelium, 345 Flies: Muller's fly experiments, 1927, demonstrate that ionizing radn can cause heritable mutations, 31 Flotation diagrams in ultracentrifugal analysis of lipoproteins, 334. Flotation rates, 312. Fluoroscopy, e11, e28. Xray beam stays "on." Non-diagnostic uses (surgery, needles), 2, 9 Is major source of xray dose, 11, 28, 36 Amer.Canc.Soc.: Try to avoid fluoroscopy, 41 List of high-dose current procedures, 36 Past uses. Please see: Xrays, history. Ways to cut dose, 18, 23, 36 Doses seldom measured, even now, 30, 36, 349, 500 Substantial increase in its use, since 1977, 35 Serial low-dose exposures provide evidence against threshold hypothesis, 523, 527 Foam cells, e303, e338. Lipids produce "foamy" look. Foam cells produce highly thrombogenic tissue-factor, 322-323 Focal (local) nature of atherosclerotic lesions, 339 Explanation proposed, 349 Folkman (Judah): Pioneering effort to control cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis, 536 Folsom (A.R.) 1999: Vascular disease & infection, 310 "Foreign Body Wars," lifelong, in arterial beds, 338 Out-of-place substances elicit inflammatory response, 305, 310, 338 Fortmann (S.P.), co-author, Gardner 1996, 586 Foye (L.V.), co-author, Dollinger 1995, 600 Fractional Causation, e3, e4, e111, e355, e356, e496 Frac Causation need not change if MortRates fall or rise, 356, 441, 497, 499 Calculation from dose-response, 14, 111 Summary, for 1940 & 1990, for All Cancers and for Ischemic Heart Disease, 21, 490 Frame-shift, can garble genetic code, 534 Framingham Study 541, 548, 576 Findings in 1966 from 12-year follow-up, 546, 577, 579-580, 595, 597-598 Findings in 1986, Sf 0-20, Sf 20-400, 546-547 Findings on Sf 20-400, on triglyceride, 565-566 Francis (G.S.) 1989: How ACE inhibitors may work, 351 Fredrickson (Donald S.) 1993. Former head of NIH, 314 History of lipoprotein studies, 311 LDL vs. total chol. to predict coronary risk, 314 Freeman (Norman K.), valued member of Donner group, 313, 542. Expert in infrared spectroscopy. 1952+1953: Fatty acids in triglycerides, 562 Free radical, e530. Demonstration: Impossible for DNA-damage by radn to be equivalent to DNA damage from routine metabolic free radicals, 530-532 Frick (M.H.) 1987: Helsinki Heart Study, 336, 565 Frigerio (N.A.) 1976: Source of "smoking gun," 50 Frost (Edwin): 1896, first medical radiograph USA, 27 Fry (D.L.) 1987: How lipoproteins enter intima, 318 "Full circle" (lipids from start to finish?), 324 Fungal origin of some carcinogens, 210 Furberg. (C.D.) 1994: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Fuster (Valentin): 300, 304, 317, 321, 322, 325, 337, 338, 348, 349. 1992: Culprit plaques are lipid-rich, 304 1994 (Conner Memorial Lecture): The history of insights on plaque rupture, 321 Intimal ingress, egress of lipoproteins, 318 Plaque rupture, 349. Silent occusion, 349 Pharmaceutical IHD therapies, 351-352 Thrombogenic lipid core of plaque, 323G
Gallini (R.) 1985: How to cut xray dose, 23 Gamma radn, e517. Less mutagenic than xrays, 9, 46-48 Gardner (Christopher D.) 1996: Data on "small low- density lipoprotein particles," 586, 587-588, 592 Garlick (D.G.) 1962: How to cross capillary wall, 317 Gassman, (A.) 1899+1904: Radiation damage to small vessels, 607 Geer (J.C.) 1961: Smooth muscle cells in plaque, 301 1968: Arterial thickening, 338 Gene, e537 Gene amplification, e534 Genentech (comment by Herb Boyer), 55 Genetic code, e537 Genetic instability. Please see: Genomic instability. Genome, e537 Genomic imprinting, 325. Also: Lyon 1968 + Hall 1990. Genomic instability, e533, 533-536 Characteristic of aggressive cancers, 7, 8, 39-40 Explains resistance of cancer to therapy, 536 Inducible by radn, incl. xrays, 5, 7, 515, 535, 536 Why cancer called "100 different diseases," 535 "Giants" (even smallest lipoproteins), 312, 317, 333 Gilbert (Ethel) 1985: Her risk model, prepared for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, chosen by Evans 1986 to evaluate xray-induced breast-cancer , 501 Gimlette (T.M.) 1959: Heart damage from radiation, 601 Giovino (Gary A.) 1994: Per capita cigarette use, 363 Giroud (D.) 1992: Culprit plaques less stenotic, 322 Glagov (S.): Pathogenesis of plaques: 1972: Sites of hemodynamic stress, 307, 349 1987: Lesion first grows away from lumen, 303 Glazier (Frank) 1954: Serum lipoprotein distributions: By age, gender, 351, 576 (graphs) Fasting vs. non-fasting, 541-542 Glycogen storage disease: HDL low, Sf 0-400 high, 577 High HDL-1, 588 Gofman (John W.), iv, viii, 17, 19-20 Entries below are arranged chronologically. Uranium & plutonium work for A-bomb, viii, 17 1949: Initial paper on serum lipoproteins, 311 Gofman (J.W.), 1950s: 310-316, 538-554, 556-561 1950a+b, 1951a+b: Entry to "new world of diverse lipoproteins," 311-314, 539-540 First human case-control results in 1950 for Sf 10-20 lipoproteins, 540, 544 1952-a: Sf 20-100 lipoprots also atherogens, 540. Sf 0-12 measurements need adjustment, 541. Which lipoprot groups are INDEPENDENTLY atherogenic? 543 1952-b: Overweight & abnormal lipoprot levels, 543 1952-c: Lipoproteins in a metabolic chain, 540. Some of the case-control evidence that Sf 12-20 & Sf 20-100 are each independent atherogens, 552 1952-d: Involution of xanthomas after lipid- reduction, 543. Massive elevation of HDL-1, 588 1953: Sf 0-12 also recognized as atherogenic, 541. Mid-1953 database: 239 IHD cases, 740 controls 540 1954-a: HDL2+3 inversely corr w Sf 0-400 in healthy people, 577. HDL levels in nonIHD disorders, 577. Interclass correlations among lipoproteins, 544 Gofman (J.W.) continues: 1954-d: Power of lipoprot measurements, to segregate cases vs controls, is lower in older groups, 546 1954-e: NonIHD disorders which show aberrant lipo- protein levels, 543, 551 1956: Cooperative (prospective) Study, 544-546 First evidence, high lipoproteins precede IHD, 545 1958: High-carbo diet raises TG, 315. Evidence that, to manage blood lipoprots, no single dietary regime is right for everyone, 556-561 Involution of xanthomas w lipid-reduction 543, 575 1959: Involution of xanthomas after lipid-lowering, 543, 561 Gofman (J.W.), 1960s (from Donner to Livermore, 1963). 1963: Entry, egress, retention of lipoprots in the intima (equilibrium model), 316-317. Relative thickness of layers of coronary arteries, 300 1966 (Lyman Duff Lecture): Reported results from 2 prospective studies (Framingham and Livermore) on lipoprots & IHD death, 546-548, 577, 591, 594-597 One clinically disappointing aspect, 594 First prospective confirmation that HDL2+3 is inversely correlated w atherogenesis, 314, 577 1969: Predicts that small reduction in degree of coronary atherosclerosis should produce a big reduction in IHD, 321 1969-b: Start of Gofman-AEC troubles, 533 Predicts nearly all cancers are radn-inducible, 40 Gofman (J.W.), 1970s: 1971: Track-analysis vs dose-rate claims, 521 "Spontaneous" cancer-rate includes Xray-induced cases, 50 1976: Est lung-cancers from plutonium pollution, 517 1978: Basis for doubt that HDL2+3 is an independent anti-atherogen, 577 Explanation of apparent decline of importance of Sf 0-400 lipoprot levels at older ages, 594-598 Gofman (J.W.), 1980s: 1981 book, iv. Data on radn-induced breast-canc, 51 Track-analysis vs threshold hypothesis, 521 Neutron-error in A-Bomb Study, 43 Full-lifespan risk from radiationn-exposure, 50 "Smoking gun" on medical xrays, ignored, 50 Probably no minimum latency period, 91 Radn-induced non-malignant tumors, 297 1985 book, iv. Reviews, 51 Progress in beam-collimation, 34 Ratio of surface dose to internal dose, 49, 519 Dose-cut could prevent 50,000 canc/yr, USA, 51 1986: Track-analysis vs threshold claims, 521 1988: Peril for A-Bomb Study's credibility, 43 Gofman (J.W.), 1990s: 1990 book, iv. Primary ionization tracks (behavior), 38 Peril for A-Bomb Study credibility, 43-44, 54 Constant-Cohort, Dual-Dosimetry demonstrated, 44 Evidence against threshold-dose for mutation 44-45 Xrays more mutagenic than gamma radiation, 46 Number cell-nucleus traversals to deliver rad, 47 Ballpark est: Radn causes 25% of cancer (USA), 51 Iodine-131-induced Thyroid Cancer, 91 Adaptive cellular responses to radiation, 617 Gofman (J.W.) continues: 1990-b: Hows & whys of early lipoprotein work at Donner Lab, 311 1992: How to maintain bias-free radn research, 43 1994 book, iv. Probably no minimum latency period 91 Exposure to alpha-particle pollution, 517 Inherited predisposition to cancer, 496 1995, 1995/1996, 1996 book (1st + 2nd Editions): Why it was written, 51. 2nd Edition additions, 52 No overlap between data & method of that book and this monograph, 15, 500. Nonetheless both works arrive at nearly the same Fractional Causation of current Breast-Cancer rate by radiation, 501 History of pre-1960 xray use, 30, 31, 33 Age & radiosensitivity, 37 "Law of Equality" and flat cancer rates, 90 1996-b: How and why the Donner group did what it did, 311 1998: Inherited disorders & natural radn, 520 Gold (Harold) 1961+1962: Synergism between radn and dietary cholesterol in experimental animals, 604 Goldman (L.) 1983: Value of autopsies, 81 "Gold standard" in establishing causation, 213, 513 The blind prospective study, 213 Gordon (David J.) 1989: Doubtful that HDL is anti-atherogenic, 577-578 Gornik (H.L.), co-author of Bailar 1997, 82 Gould (A.L.) 1995: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Graham (J.) 1967: Talc, asbestos, ovarian cancer, 163 Gram of cells contains approx 675 million cells, 518 Grattan (M.T.) 1989: CMV infection & atheroscl, 308 Gray (dose-unit), e517. 100 rads. Gray (Joel): A leader in xray dose-reduction, 9 1983: How to cut dose for scoliosis patients, 17-18 Greenfield (Maurice M.) 1986: Book review, 51 "Grenades": Violent energy-deposits by radn 8, 38, 517 Grove (Robert D.) 1968: 1940-1960 MortRates, 78, 83, 84, 87 Age-adjusted MortRates, e83 Changes in rules for choosing underlying cause, 84 History of MortRate data, USA, 77-78 No IHD data before 1950, 279 List of 32 causes of death, 84-86, 224 Provides some population data, too, 58, 75, 616 Gruppo 1986: Thrombolytic treatment of MI cases, 322 Gupta (S.) 1997: Infectious etiology for IHD, 309 Gurd (F.R.N.) 1949: Alpha & beta lipoproteins, 311 Guyton (J.R.) 1985: Lipid transport to core, 318 Gyorkey (F.) 1984: Herpesvirus & atheroscl, 307, 308H
Hackett (D.) 1988: Culprit plaques less stenotic, 322 Haft (Jacob I.) 1997: Plaque rupture and heart attacks after snow-shoveling, 324 Hajjar (D.P.) 1988: Infectious etiology & IHD, 307 Hammerstein (G.R.) 1979: How to cut xray dose, 23 Hammond (E. Cuyler) 1961: Smoking habits USA, 364 Hammoudeh (A.J.) 1996: Warning on snow-shoveling, 324 Hardin (N.J.) 1973: Injury to endothelium, 306 Harker (L.A.) 1974+1976: Injury to endothelium, 306 Harris (William S.) 1989: Fish Oils and Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Humans: A Critical Review, 556, 562, 563-565, 568 "Good reasons" to worry about high serum VLDL, 565 Harvey (Elizabeth B.) 1985: Prenatal xrays, 524 Haskell (W.L.) 1994: IHD therapy & prevention, 336 "Hat": "I'll eat my hat if ..." 509 Haust (M.D.) 1960+1971: Plaque's nature, 301, 302, 318 Havel (Richard J.) 1995: IHD therapy & prevention, 336 Hawaii, omitted, 57, 78, 79, 80 Hayes (Thomas L.), valued member, Donner group, 542 Studied lipoproteins via the electron microscope. HDL (high-density lipoproteins HDL2+3), e312-313, e333 Protective "good cholesterol," 313, 314, 577 Basis for doubt, 314, 577-585 HDL correlates inversely w. LDL+IDL+VLDL in clini- cally healthy people on the average, 579, 582 HDL values: Low in various clinical disorders, 577 HDL-1 is truly a LOW-density lipoprotein, 313, 335, 587, 589 "Small, dense LDL particles," 313, 586-593 Not elevated in 38 Livermore de novo IHD cases 577 Massively elevated in "essential hyperlipemia," 335, 588 Heart attack = Myocardial Infarction (MI), 276 Number/year in USA, & fatal percentage, 276 Heart damage from high-dose radn, 1, 9, 16, 275 Nature of the injuries, 599-608 Heart diseases which are not IHD, e276-278 Sorted by their ICD/9 numbers, 277 Heath (Clark W., Jr.) 1995: Embraces the Evans 1986 estimate that xrays have minor cancer role, 500 Hebert (P.R.) 1997: Statin trials & cancer, 320 Hegsted (D.M.) 1998: Carbohydrate effect on TG, 560 Hei (Tom K.) 1997: Mutation by single alphas, 529 HelicoBacter pylori. And IHD, 309. And stom canc, 435 Helin (P.) 1971: Injury to endothelium, 306 Henderson (W.J.) 1971: Talc, asbestos, ovarian ca, 163 Heparin (endogenous) & IHD risk, 350 Hepatitis (acute): HDL low, Sf 0-400 high, 577 Hepatitis virus and liver cancer, 496 "Heresy" becomes "dogma," 314 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) & IHD, 307, 308 Hetzel (Alice M.), co-author of Grove 1968, 78 Hickey (P.) 1923: Internists & fluoroscopy, 29, 609-10 High-5 and Low-4 Census Divisions, e60, e77 High-density lipoproteins: Please see HDL, above. High dose-level, e519 High-dose heart damage. Please see: Heart damage. High-dose thymus irradiation, tonsillectomy, 28 Hill (C.R.) 1965: Cig. smoke and polonium-210, 362 Hill (Rolla B.) 1992: Autopsy data, 81, 82, 510 Hippocratic oath & reducing uselessly high doses, 20 Hiroshima-Nagasaki: Please see A-Bomb Survivor Study. "Hive of activity" (plaque), 339, 347 Ho. Gloria Ho, 1998: HPV and cervical cancer, 164 Hodgkins Disease, radiotherapy, & heart damage, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605 Hodis (Howard N.), completed David H. Blankenhorn's last paper, 303 Hoel (Donald), co-author of Shimizu 1992, 501-502 Hokanson (J.E.) 1996: Triglyceride and IHD, 316 Holm (Lars-Erik) 1988: Latency for thyroid cancer, 91 Holmberg (K.) 1993: Radn and genomic instability, 535 Holme (I.) 1990: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Holmes (M.D.) 1999: Dietary fat & breast cancer, 569 Holtzman (R.B.) 1966: Cig. smoke & polonium-210, 362 Homocysteine, e331. And IHD, 306, 331-332, 350 Hormesis, e617. Speculation that low doses might improve health, 525. Adaptive responses, 527, 617 Hormetic illusion fr "perfectly good data," 617-620 Howe (Geoffrey R.) 1984: Cancer from serial exposures to very low-dose fluoroscopy, 523 HPV = Human Papilloma Virus, e164 Hrubec (Zdenek) 1989: Cancer from serial exposures to very low-dose fluoroscopy, 523 Hsieh (W.A.) 1999: Gamma-induced translocations, 39 Hu. F.B. Hu, 1998: Carbohydrate effect & IHD risk, 560 Huda (Walter) 1984: How to cut xray dose, 23 Huff (H.) 1972: Heart damage by radn therapy, 603-604 Hulley (S.B.) 1992: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Hurst (D.W.) 1959: Heart damage by radn therapy, 601 Husik (D.N.) 1926: Skin damage as xray dosimeter, 28 Hyalinization, e606 Hypercholesterolemia: Synergism with radn in rabbits, rats, pigeons, 604-605 Hyperinsulinemia & IHD risk, 350-351 Hypertension: Decline in death-rate, 287, 350, 499 Hypertriglyceridemia, e560, e563 Hypothesis-1: What it is NOT, 2, 100, 209-210, 214, 215. Why it may be hard to devise a more reliable test of Hypothesis-1 than the tests in this book, 19, 501 Hypothesis-2: This monograph presents the first powerful epidemiologic evidence that ionizing radiation is a cause of IHD, 2, 502 Validity of the first part of Hypoth-2 does not depend on validating its second part, 19, 298I
IARC = Internatl Agency for Research on Cancer, e41 No monograph yet on ionizing radiation, 41 IARC 1995: Human papilloma virus & cervical canc,165 ICD = Internatl Classification of Diseases, e80, e84, and WHO 1958 in our Ref. List. ICRU 1986: Mutagenic potency of xrays, 46, 47 Ideal data & circumstances for studies like this, 62, 90, 96, 100 IDL = Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins, e312 IHD = Ischemic Heart Disease, e275, e595 Other names, 1, 7, 233. Two phases, 595 Acute IHD events, e276, e318, e347 "Diseases of the heart" OTHER than IHD, 276-278 IHD dose-response with PhysPop, 13, 25, 279-294, 477-488 Etiology of IHD, Chapters 44, 45, 46 Heart damage fr high-dose radn is not IHD, 599-608 Number IHD deaths (1993, USA) = 489,970 (21.6%), 276 Age-adju MortRates differ, males vs females, 483 Age-adju MRs falling since 1963, 287, 288, 477 Illingworth (D. Roger): Dietary n-3 fatty acids, 563 Inagaki (M.) 1988: Dietary n-3 fatty acids, 564 Incidence (cancer), recent trends, 506 Infections as atherogens, 306, 307-310 As carcinogens, 41, 164-165, 435, 496 Inflammatory response, e305. Systemic, 306 Operation in its "full majesty," 342 Inflammatory disorders received radiotherapy, 30 Inherited afflictions, partly from natural radn, 520 Inherited mutations, 3, 4, 20, 31, 92, 377, 496, 520 Inherited predisposition to atherosclerosis, 351 Inherited predisposition to canc, 3, 51, 164-65, 495-6 Initiation-promotion (cancer), 3, 114, 330, 376, 495 Radiation may act at any stage, 526 "Innocent bystanders," Chlamydia infection maybe, 310 Insurance (medical), mid-century, 31, 618 Enactment of entitlements, 54, 57, 60 Cost-cutting pressure on quality-assurance, 35 Integrated exposure over time to plasma lipoproteins, 595, 596, 598 Internal elastic membrane of coronary arteries, e299 International Classification of Diseases, 80 International Commission on Radiol. Protection, 519 Interventional radiology, e9, e28 "Substantial increase" 1977-1997 in fluoroscopy, 35 Intima, intimal layer of artery, e299. Thickness 300 Intimal thickening begins in childhood, 338 In-utero irradiation, frequency, 17, 30, 342 Cancer-consequences, 32, 524. IHD conseq, 342 Inverse (negative) correlation, e99, e105 In vitro = in laboratory glass, 5 In vivo = in a living organism, 5 Iodine-131-induced Thyroid Cancer, 91 Ionizing radiation, e38, e517. Ionization track, e38, e521, e525 Unique mutagenic powers, 8-9, 38-40, 297, 343, 526, 528, 532, 536 All types of mutations radiation-inducible, 9, 40, 526, 528, 535, 536 Access to every gene in every cell, 8, 40, 341 An established cause of cancer, 2, 7, 9, 40, 41, 297 Powerful new confirmation, 216 An established cause of benign tumors, 297 Heritable radn-induced mutations, first demo, 32 Delivery by radioactive fallout, nuclear pollution, and medical procedures, 32 "Irrefutable facts," not interpretations: 215, 295, 337, 343, 510, 513, 514, 515 Ischemia, e275 Isherwood (I.) 1978: How to cut xray dosage, 23 Itching (incessant), treated with radiotherapy, 30 Iverius (P-H.) 1973: Retention of LDL in intima, 318J
JAMA = Journal of the American Medical Assn, 310 Jankowski, (J.) 1984: How to reduce xray dose, 23 Johnson (D.W.) 1986: How to reduce xray dose, 23, 34 Johnson (F.L.), co-author, of Rudel 1986, 564 Joint 1990: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Jonasson (L.) 1986: Composition of plaque, 303 Jones (A.) 1960: Heart damage by radn therapy, 601 Jones (F.) 1996: Lyon Diet Heart Study, success, 567 Jones (Hardin B.) 1951: An early and key member of the Donner lipoprotein group, 312, 313, 539, 540, 542, 544, 553, 554 Sf 20-100 lipoproteins also atherogenic, 540 Independent atherogenicity, 543-544, 553-554 Lipoproteins as molecules in metabolic chain, 542 J-shaped dose-response curve, e617, e620 Juchau (M.R.) 1974: Cig. smoke reaches placenta, 327 Jukema (J.W.) 1995: IHD therapy, prevention, 336K
Kadhim (Munira A.) 1992+1994+1995: Radn-induced genomic instability, 535 Kallioniemi (Anne) 1992: Techniques for detecting genomic instability, 534 Kane (John P.) 1990: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Kardinal (A.F.M.) 1993: Plasma n-3 fatty acids, 568 Katan (Martijn B.) 1995: Dietary fish-oil, effects on serum lipoproteins, 563-564 Also, please see Connor 1997 in Reference List. Kato (Hiroo): A-Bomb Study and IHD, 501-502 Kazakov (V.) 1992: Thyroid cancer latency < 5 yrs, 91 Kellerer (Albrecht) 1987: Gene repair-system, 523 Kellner (A.) 1954: How to cross capillary walls, 317 Kelly (Kevin M.) 1975: Frequency, prenatal xrays, 30 Kemp (C.J.) 1993: Sequence of genetic mutations, 535 Keys (Ancel) 1984: Diet and IHD rates, 568 Kidney stones & xrays, 35 Kim (D.N.), co-author of Thomas 1983, 328 Klausner (Richard D.), NCI Director: On tobacco, 363 Knapp (H.R.) 1986: Fatty acids & thrombogenesis, 569 Knopp (Robert H.) 1997: Effect of high carbohydrate diet on serum triglycerides, 555, 560 Kodama (Yoshiaki) 1993: Radiation-induced chromosomal mutations persist at least 40 years, 50 Kol (Amir) 1997: Work related to Speir 1994, 309 Kolb (Felix O.) 1955: Diabetic acidosis demonstrates intersection of sugar metab & lipid metab, 315, 335 Excess small dense LDL (HDL-1), 335, 543, 588 Kramsch (D.M.) 1971: Features of plaque, 303, 305 Krauss (Ronald M.): 1987: LDL, IDL, VLDL ranges in Std Sf units, 312 1994: Small, dense LDL particles, 586 1996: Co-author of Gardner 1996 + Stampfer 1996, 586 Krieger (Lisa M.) 1996: Xray work by non-radiol, 35 Kromhout (D.) 1985: Dietary n-3 fatty acids & IHD, 565 Kronenberg (A.) 1994: Genomic instability fr radn, 535 Ku. D.N. Ku, 1985: Plaque sites and hemodynamics, 349 Kucerova (M.) 1972: Low doubling-dose for chromosomal mutation by ionizing radiation, 39 Kuhn (H.F.) 1985: How to cut xray dose, 23 Kuntz (A.) 1949: How do lipids get into plaque? 542 Kushner (I.) 1999: Inflammation, 306 Kwiterovich (P.O.), co-author, of Coresh 1996, 586L
Lamarche (Benoit) 1997: Serum triglyceride & IHD, 316 "Small, dense LDL particles," 586 Lamberts (H.B.) 1964: Heart damage fr radiation, 604 Landis (S.H.) 1998: Leukemia rate, USA, 43 Landrigan (P.J.) 1989+1996: Workplace carcinogens, 495 Latency periods = post-irradiation intervals before delivery of clinical cases of disease, e49, 92 Spread out over 40-50+ years in irradiated mixed- age group, 12, 49, 52, 89, 100, 210 ~40 different latencies in mixed-age population, 89 Variable even among persons exposed at same age, 49 Probably no MINIMUM latency period, 91-92. Why, 92 Exposure before & after 1921 contributes to cancer- rates in 1940, 108, 212 Exposure in 1920 contributes to 1965 canc-rate, 52 Exposure in 1950 contributes to cancer today 32, 356 Cases "in the pipeline" from earlier exposure, 91 Laurent (T.C.) 1963: LDL retention in plaque, 318 Lavine (D.M.), co-author of Dollinger 1965, 600 Law of Equality (cancer production & delivery), e90, e101 (depicted) Law of Minimum Hypotheses, e215, e512, 644 Laws (Priscilla) 1980: How to cut xray dose, 23 LDL = Low-Density Lipoproteins, e312, e333 Lead-210, a radionuclide, e329. In cigarette smoke. Leading causes of death, USA (absolute numbers), 278 Leaf (Alex.) 1999: Mediterranean Diet & IHD, 566 Leary (T.) 1949: How do lipids get into plaque? 542 Leddy (Eugene T.) 1937: No investigation of a patient is considered complete without xray exams which generally include fluoroscopy, 29, 610 "Legitimate" questions: BEIR says "legitimate" ques- tions exist because some low-dose studies produce risk-ests "substantially" higher than its own, 11 Leibovic (S.J.) 1983: How to cut xray dose, 23 Lesion = an injury or loss of function. LET. LET = Linear Energy Transfer, e47, e518 Relationship with mutagenic potency, 47-48, 518 Relationship with initial energy, 518 Low-LET radns include xray, gamma, beta, 521 High-LET radn includes alpha particles, 528, 529 Lethal acute dose of ionizing radiation, e520, e531 "Lethal diagnostic weapon" (Braestrup 1942), 29 Leukemia: Percentage of all cancers, USA, 43 Xray-induced, 32. Bomb-induced, 32, 43. Libby (Peter) 1995: Molecular Bases of the Acute Coronary Syndromes: 303, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 337, 338, 340, 342, 345. His paper inspires a "massive shift" in our think- ing on the role of SMCs in deadly IHD events, 323 T-cells can inhibit the collagen-synthesis (by SMCs) needed to maintain & repair fibrous cap, 323 Libby's view: Integrity of fibrous cap determines stability of plaque, 323 Libby asks: What makes CERTAIN plaques rupture- prone? 337, 342 Libby urges caution about therapies designed to inhibit SMC proliferation, 324 Lipid-imbibing foam cells produce highly thrombo- genic tissue-factor, 322-323 SMCs express both matrix-protecting & matrix- degrading enzymes, 340 Libby (Peter) 1997: Infection & vascular disease, 310 Library (medical) at UCSF, 52 Lichtenstein (D.A.) 1996: Cumulative skin-dose from fluoroscopy today can reach 1000-3500 rads, 600 Linder (D.) 1965: Detecting monoclonal lesions, 328 Linder (Forrest E.) 1947: 58, 83. Age-specific cancer death-rates, USA, 1900 through 1940, 87, 504 Lindgren (Frank T.), Pioneer-work at Donner Lab in ultracentrifugal isolation and characterization of human blood lipids, viii, 313, 542. Co-author of the initial paper (Gofman 1949). 1950+1951: Entry into "the new world of diverse lipoproteins," 311, 312, 313, 334 1955+1956+1957: 333, 542, 550 1959: Includes excellent overview of lipoprotein composition, 333, 542, 549, 550 1960: Please see Reference List. Linear dose-response, e42, e92-93 And PhysPop studies, 93-94 And A-Bomb Study, 42-43 Linear energy transfer (LET). Please see: LET. Linear-quadratic dose-response, e42 Linear regression analysis, e12, e13, e94, 108-110 Line of best fit, e63, e94 Linoleic acid (n-6), e563 Linolenic acid (n-3), e563 Linser (P.) 1904: Radiation damage to vessels, 607 Lipid 1995: Long-term Pravastatin study, 320 Lipid Hypothesis, e310, e595. Please see: Plasma lipoproteins: Lipid Hypothesis. Lipid-lowering. Please see: Stabilization of plaque. And: Dietary approaches. LipidRC 1984: IHD prevention trial, 336 Lipoproteins of the bloodstream: e310, e556 Please see: Plasma lipoproteins. Lithotripsy for kidney stones, 35 Little (J.B.) 1965: Polonium-210 in cig. smoke, 362 1997: Risks from alpha-radiation, 529 Little (M.P.): NRPB rejects threshold, 527 Little (W.C.) 1988: Degree of stenosis, 322, 348 Liuzzo (G.) 1994: C-reactive protein and IHD, 306 Liver cancer and the hepatitis virus, 496 Liver cells in illustration of co-action, 497 Liver (cirrhosis), diagnostic problem, 81 Livermore Lipoprotein Study, 314, e547. Provides data: HDL & atherogenic lipoproteins are inversely correlated, 578-585 "Small dense LDL particle" analysis, 588-593 Frequent weight-change & "snapshot" epid'y, 595-598 Heavier weight, higher Sf 0-400 on average, 570-571 Lloyd (D.C.) 1986+1992: Radiation-induced chromosomal mutations, 39, 46 LMDS = Locally Multiply Damaged Sites, e528 "Lockstep," e61 Longo (D.L.) 1979: Talc, asbestos, ovarian canc, 163 LoPonte (M.A.), co-author of Dunsmore 1986, 605 Loree (H.M.) 1992: Fibrous cap of culprit plaques, 323 Los Angeles Civil Service, lipoprotein database, 541 Low-density lipoproteins, initial definition, 312, 333 Current definition, 312 "Small, dense LDL particles," e587 Low dose-level, e519 Lucas (Joe N.): Pioneer in detecting chromo mutations. 1992: Low doubling-dose for mutations by radn, 39 1992: Persistence of A-bomb-induced mutations, 50 1995: Xrays more mutagenic than gamma rays, 47 1997: New techniques to detect mutations, 39 1999: Accumulated translocations rise with age, 39 Lumen = the clear, circular space within a tube, 275 Lyon Diet Heart Study (Mediterranean Diet), 566-569 Possible reasons for success with IHD patients, 569 Lyon (M.F.) 1968: Females inactivate one X-chromo, 325 Lyon (Thomas P.). Please see: Donner Lab.M
Ma. Jing Ma, co-author of Stampfer 1996, 586 MAAS 1994: IHD therapy and prevention, 336 MacIsaac (A.I.) 1993: Stabilization of plaque, 325 MacKee (George M.) on history of medical radiation: 1922: High-dose xrays used on 80 skin disorders, 30 1938: "Radiomaniacs" in xray practice 1896-1906, 28 MacKenzie (Ian) 1965: Classic paper (Nova Scotia data) uncovers relation of serial low-dose fluoroscopy with breast cancer, 523 MacMahon (B.) 1962: Rate of pre-natal xays, 30, 524 Macrophage, e303 Magnetic resonance imaging & vulnerable plaques, 323 Mahan (Bruce H.) 1975: Utility of ideal models, 62 Majesky (M.W.) 1985: Mutagens & some atheromata, 327 "Majesty" of the inflammatory response, 342 Malinow (M.R.) 1994: Homocysteine & artery health, 331 Mammography: Model of success in dose-reduction, 2, 18 Use rises while dose falls, 2 Risk from low-energy xrays, 47 (Brenner 1989). "Man is not a rabbit!" 539 Marder (B.A.) 1993: Radn & genomic instability, 535 Margolis (S.) 1969: LDL carries benzo[a]pyrene, 327 Marine oils (fish oils) & IHD, 562, 563 Martell (Edward A.), fine chemist, fearless thinker: 1975: Hypothesis that cigarettes cause IHD by deliv- ering alpha radn to coronary arteries, 329, 350 1974 + 1982a + 1982b + 1982c + 1983a + 1983-b: Hypothesis that cigarettes cause lung cancer by delivering alpha radn to bronchi, 362 Marx (J.) 1994: Benditt monoclonal hypothesis, 331 Marzetta (C.A.), co-author of Rudel 1986, 564 Maseri (Attilio) 1997: IHD appears ever more complex, 300 Plaque rupture is not the whole story, 324 New hypothesis needed for IHD etiology, 337 Mass 1890: Massachusetts 1890 MortRates, 78 Massachusetts General Hospital, 28 "Massive HDL-1 Hyperlipoproteinemia Syndrome," e587 Masuda (J.) 1990+1990-b: Plaque begins at sites of intact endothelium, 307 Matching, e98. Essential in dose-response studies, 56, 99, 512, 617. But always imperfect, 98, 99 Matching for age, 11 Matching for co-actors, 98, 618 Matching for smoking, 367, 378-379, 621-624 Effect of not matching. Please see: Non-matching. Maurer (Jeff) at National Center for Health Statistics was very helpful in providing MortRate data, 79 "Mayhem" for irradiated molecules, 8, 38, 520 Mayo Clinic, 9 (Gray). 29, 610 (Leddy). McCully (K.S.) 1969: Concept that high blood-levels of homocysteine are a cause of cardiovasc. disease, 331 McDonald (K.) 1989: Viral etiology of IHD, 307, 308 McGill (Henry C.) 1984: Lyman Duff Lecture, 314, 338 McGinley (James P.) 1952: Lipoproteins in steady-state concentration, 542. In biliary cirrhosis, 543. In xanthomas, 543 McLennan (P.L.) 1993: Fatty acids & arrhythmias, 569 McMillan (Gardner) 1949: Remarkable cholesterol-fed rabbits, 539 McNeil (B.J.) 1985: Breast-irradiation in 1977, 500 McReynolds (R.A.) 1976: Heart damage from radn, 604 Measurement of dose: Key to dose-reduction, 18 Not required, seldom done, easy to do, 33 True organ-doses vs. model-doses, 11, 33 Media (layer of artery), e299 Medical radiation, e2, e5, e7, e9. Add'l entries: Benefits. Dental xrays. Nuclear medicine. Xrays. Medicare, enacted in 1965, 57, 60, 498 Mediterranean Diet --- Why do the Lyon Study Investigators think it "works?" 568-569 Meier (C.R.) 1999: Infection & infarction, 310 Melnick (J.L.) 1990: Viral infection & IHD, 307-308 Mendall (M.A.) 1994: Bacterial infection & IHD, 309 Mendonca (M.S.) 1993: Radn & genomic instability, 535 Mensink (R.P.) 1992: Carbohydrate & plasma TG, 560 Mettler (Fred A., Jr.): How to cut xray dose, 9 1987: Number of xrays during 1964, USA, 611 MI. MI = Myocardial Infarction (heart attack). Migration between Census Divisions, 56, 100, 511-512 Miller (A.B.) 1989: Serial low-dose fluoroscopy, 523 Milli-rad, e517. 0.001 rad. 10^-3 rad. Minick (C.R.) 1973: Injury to endothelium, 306 Minimum latency period, post-irradn: Maybe none, 91-92 Mini-tumors in the coronary arteries, e297, 298, 327 Minkler (Jason L.) 1970+1971: Livermore Laboratory. Chromosomal pathways of cancer, 533 Demonstrates gamma-induced genomic instability, 535 Misdiagnosis of cancer: Frequency & impact, 81-82, 510 Stomach canc maybe reported as ulcer-death, 22, 274 Mitochondrial DNA, e537 Mitogenic = stimulating cell-division (mitosis), 306 MMWR = CDC's Mort & Morbidity Weekly Report, e363 1987: Percent smokers in 1986; peak years, 365 1988: Autopsy rates, USA, 81 1994: Cigarettes/year, USA, 363, 364, 371, 372 1996: Smoking prevalence by states, 1995, 365, 366 Modan (B.) 1977+1989: Cancer from few tracks/cell, 524 Moderate dose-level, e519 Modern Medicine 1949: Who owned xray machines, 615 Moeller (Dade W.) 1953: Mid-century estimates. Entrance dose per fluoroscopy = 65 R, 30, 611-612 Entrance dose per dental xray = 5 R, 31 Number of xray exams per year & avg. doses, 609-612 Monoclonal, clone, e325. Monoclonal hypothesis of atherosclerosis introduced in 1973 by Earl Benditt et al, 1, 6, 16, 325-327 Other supporting evidence & supporters, 327-331 Montanara (A.) 1986: How to cut xray dose, 23 Moore (Felix E.), admirable insistence on rules of "blinding" in lipoprotein studies, 546 Moore (S.) 1973: Endothelial injury & atheroscl, 306 Moorjani (S.), co-author of Lamarche 1997, 586 Moreno (P.R.) 1994: Stabilization of plaque, 325 Morgan (Karl Z.), pioneer in health physics. 1971: How to cut xray dose, 50 1999: Memoir, with Ken W. Peterson, 50 Morgan (Russell), radiologist: 1959 warns of "serious health problems" from "undue radn exposure," 32 Morgan (W.F.) 1996: Genomic instability, 533, 534 Morris (N.) 1984: How to cut xray dose, 23 MortRate = age-adjusted mortality rate/100K pop'n, e77 Age-adjusted vs. age-specific MortRates, e83-84 This study rests on age-adjusted MortRates among 130-250 million persons, 5, 14 Cancer MortRates affected by radn-exposures decades earlier, 32, 52, 108, 212, 356 MortRate trends, cancer, 118, 496-498, 504-506 Grew more similar, among the Census Divs, 511 Two organs having same xray history can develop opposite MortRate trends, 441, 497 MortRate trends, IHD, 287-288 Age-adju MortRates are affected by changes in popu- lation's underlying health and medical care, 499 Quality of year-1900 data is dubious, 498 Mosaics, mosaicism, e325 Moss (Ralph) 1975: History of chemotherapy, 509 "Most menacing mutagen to which people are routinely exposed" may well be medical radiation, 343 "Mountain of evidence," 15, 20, 513 mrem = milli-rem, e518. 0.001 rem. 10^-3 rem. mSv = milli-sievert, e518. 100 milli-rems. Muhlestein (J.B.) 1996: Infection & IHD, 309-310 Muirhead (Colin): NRPB rejects threshold, 527 Muldoon (M.F.) 1990: Side-effects, lipid-lowering, 319 Muller (Herman) 1927: Heritable mutations fr radn, 31 Multi-step model of carcinogenesis: BEIR 1990, initiation & promotion, 114, 376 Gofman, inherited mutation insufficient, 3, 92 Nowell, genomic instability, 534, 536 Rothwell 1993, multi-mutation, 3 Trosko 1980, initiation-promotion, 330 UNSCEAR 1993, multi-mutation, 526 Add'l entries: Co-action. Cancer etiology. Munoz (N.) 1994: Infection & stomach cancer, 435 Munro (J. Michael) 1988, with Ramzi S. Cotran: 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 317, 318, 331, 338, 340, 349 Respect for Benditt monoclonal hypothesis, 331 Equilibrium concept of lipid accumulation, 318 Thickening of intima, 338. Fatty streaks, 338 A key etiologic clue: Localization of plaques, 349 Murata (K.) 1986: Composition of plaque, 303 Mustafa (A.A.) 1985: How to cut xray dose, 23 Mutations, e38. Permanent and cumulative nature, 9, 12, 20, 38, 39, 519 Distinct from temporary damage, 39, 45, 330, 331, 340, 527, 531 All types inducible by ionizing radn, 9, 40, 526, 528, 535, 536 Please see: Double-strand breaks. Doubling dose. Dose-response detectable decades later, 50 Single track can induce consequential mutation, but far from certain that it will, 8, 45, 522, 526, 527, 536 Mutation can occur at inconsequential sites, 39, 49, 340 Variable sites, variable consequences, 92, 341-342 Harmful mutation does not always kill a cell, 2, 8, 39, 536 Mutated cells can gain proliferative advantage, 8, 16, 330, 340, 341, 534 "Most menacing mutagen" & routine exposure, 343 Inherited (vs. "acquired") mutations, e92. 3, 8, 340, 342, 496, 520 MX Model of dose-response, e93 MX + C Model of dose-response, e96-97 Myocardial infarct (MI), heart attack, e276 Myocardium, e276, e599 Myrden (J.A.) 1969: Cancer from few tracks/cell, 523N
NAS 1956: Report on biological effects of radn, 32 NatCtrHS 1980: Age-adju USA MortRates 1980, 79,224,279 NatCtrHS 1993: Age-adju IHD MortRates 1993, 279 National Academy Sci, 32, 41. Pls see: Natl Research. National Cancer Institute (USA), e41. Pls see: NCI. Role in early smoking-health inquiry, 361 National Center Health Stats: Described in Ref. List. Exemplary policy of helpfulness, 79 Achieves database consistency, 81 National Council Radn Prot: Described in Ref. List. National Heart Institute: 1950: Sponsored "Cooperative Study of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis," 545 1956: A sponsor of smoking-health inquiry, 361 National Radiol Protection Bd (UK). Pls see: NRPB. National Research Council, 114. Please see Ref. List. National security, entangled w radn health science, 31 Native states of lipoproteins, 311, 312, 313, 315, 539, 561 Evidence that Sf 6 and Sf 13 lipoproteins have discrete identities, 334 How measurement in native states can insure against therapies which convert non-atherogenic into atherogenic types of lipoproteins, 561 Natural background radiation, e520, including dose. Mentioned: 50, 55, 210, 340, 342, 351, 519 NCI 1990: "Cancer-causing agents include xrays," 41 NCI 1998: Health effects of cigars, 362-363; Use, 374 NCRP 1980, 47. Rise in exams/year, 34. Leveling-off of per-rad risk at high doses, 43, 520 NCRP 1984: Cigarette smoke delivers alpha radn, 362 NCRP 1986: Ways to cut mammography dosage, 23 NCRP 1987: Largest sources of voluntary radn, 536 NCRP 1989: Per capita xray dose, 12, 33, 34. Age & dose, 37. Ways to cut xray dose, 23, 35, 36. True dose vs model dose, 33. Angioplasty dose, 36, 600. Largest sources of voluntary radn, 536. In 1964, est 580 xray exams per 1,000 pop'n, 611 NCRP 1989-b: Promptly lethal dosage, 520, 531 NCRP 1990: Dicentrics (frequency) as a standard, 47 Neamiro (E.) 1983: Ways to cut xray dose, 23 Necessary co-actor, e3, e4, e7, e114, e495 Please see: Co-action. Needles, sometimes guided by xrays, 9, 35 Negative Constants, 112, 113, 212, 213, 219, 399 Male Respiratory-System Cancers, 393, 399-404 Male Urinary-System Cancers, 447, 452-454 Male Buccal-Pharynx Cancers, 469, 474-476 Negative (inverse) correlations, e99, e105 Negative X-coef means downward slope, 13, 99, 225 Nelson (Gary), valued member of the Donner group, 542. Special focus on the phospholipids. NeoNatal Intensive Care Units, 35 Nephrotic syndrome: HDL low, Sf 0-400 high, 577 Newlin (N.) 1978: How to cut xray dose, 23 Nichols (Alex V.): Major scientific contributor and source of leadership in the entire Donner Lab lipoprotein research effort, 313, 513, 542. Co-author of Lindgren 1955, Lindgren 1959, Lindgren 1960, and other papers in the Ref. List. Nichols (Alex V.) 1957: Dietary effects on serum lipoprotein levels, 311, 315, 556, 558, 570 Nicod (P.) 1993: On plaque-rupture, 321 "Night vs. day" (female Genital Cancers), 162 Nitrates & Digestive-System Cancers, 435 Nitric oxide, released by endothelial cells, 307, 331 Nobuyoshi (M.) 1991: Relation stenosis to infarct, 322 Non-atherogenic high-dose radiogenic damage, e599 Non-atherogenic lipoproteins may be inadvertently converted to atherogenic types by certain IHD therapies? 311, 561-562, 564 NonCancer NonIHD MortRates: Negative correlation with PhysPop, 14, 233-236, 618. Graphs, 26, 236 Non-malignant tumors, radn-inducible, 297 Non-matching in dose-response studies, 98-99, 112, 165, 358, 367, 512, 617-620 "Not by accident" (powerful correlations), 13, 16, 644 Nova Scotia Study, 501, 523. Also: 48 (not named). Nowell (Peter C.) 1976: Classic paper on tumor evolution & genomic instability, 534, 535, 536 NRPB 1995: Analysis of threshold (safe-dose) issue, 44, 45, 521, 527-529 Evidence "falls decisively" against any threshold, 45, 529 Evidence on radn-induced dicentrics per rad, 46 Nuclear medicine, e35. Rising rate of exams, 35 Estimated annual number of exams, USA, 11 Organ-doses from thallium-201 heart exam, 49 Nuclear pollution, 32, 351, 530, 536 Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Sponsor of widely used risk/rad values, 501 Nuclear workers accumulate mutations from minimal dose-rates, 9, 521 Nucleotide, e537 Nygard (O.) 1997: Plasma homocysteine & IHD, 331-332O
Obesity: Heaviness & IHD risk, 350, 570-571, 580, 595-596 Occlusion (silent) of a vessel, 349 Occupationally-induced cancer, 3, 32, 495 Ockham's Razor, an important admonition in research, e215, e512, e514. Law of Minimum Hypotheses. OConnor (Egan), co-author of Gofman 1985, 51 "Office building": Evacuation leaves the edifice, 347 Oleic acid (n-9), e562. And olive oil, 563 Oliver (M.F.) 1991+1992+1997: Warnings about lipid-lowering therapies, 319, 336 Omega-3 (n-3) & omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, e562, e563. Health effects, 563-569 Optimum ratio, n-6 over n-3 = 5:1, 568 Oncley (J.L.) 1947: Alpha & beta lipoproteins, 311 Ornish (Dean) 1990+1998: Lifestyle & IHD, 336 Orthovoltage xrays, e47, e48 Osler (Wm.) 1908: Infectious etiology, atheroscl, 306 Outlying datapoints, causes & effects, 96, 213, 399 Visual demo with real-world data: Outliers move into line, 213, 220-221 Outliers: A cause of negative Constants, 399 Outliers: Persons w very high HDL-1 levels, 588-589 Ovarian cancer & genital talcum powder, 163-164 Oxidized lipoproteins, 307, 317, 345, 569P
p-53. CMV product interacting with p53 protein, 308-309 Painless way to reduce cancer, IHD, 1 Palade (G.) 1956: Electron-microscope studies of endothelial vesicles, 317 Pappenheimer (J.R.) 1953: Capillary permeability, 317 "Paralytic" pessimism, 55 Parker (Herbert M.), co-author of Buschke 1942, 29 Parkes (J.L.) 1991, on Benditt hypothesis: Ref.List. Parmley (Wiliam W.) 1997: Endothelial cells and atherogenesis, 307, 345. Plaque stabilization, 321, 345. ACE inhibitors, 351 Patel (P.) 1995: Infections and IHD, 309 Patterson (James T.) 1987: No cause assigned to 38% of deaths in year-1900, 498 Pauling (Linus) warned in 1950s about health effects of radioactive fallout, 31 "Paying the price" for weight-gain, 571 Peak year for cigarette smoking, USA, 363, 365 Peak year for IHD MortRate, USA, 287, 288 Pearson (Thomas A.) 1975+1977+1978b+1983a: Monoclonality in plaques, 326-328. 1993: On LDL & endothel-derived relaxing factor, 345 1998: Lipid-lowering in low-risk patients, 336 Pedersen (Terje R.) 1994 = Scandinavian 1994, 319. 1995: NEJM editorial on lipid-lowering, 319 Peer review, viii, 8, 52, 381, 530. Appropriate, during peer-review, to challenge papers which uncritically incorporate the safe-dose fallacy, 529 Pelvimetry, pre-delivery, 17, e30, 34, 342, 524 Penicillin's introduction, 618 Penn (Arthur) 1981a+1986+1988+1989+1990+1991+1993 +1994+1996: Experimental work on mutagens in the etiology of atherosclerosis, 328, 330-331, 502. 1990: Review paper in Mutation Research, 328 Pennell (M.Y.) 1952: PhysPop data & type, 57, 58 Per capita population dose from medical radn: Why "profound uncertainty among informed people," about magnitude of post-1960 decrement, is likely to be permanent, 37-38 Number of exams (past, present) quite uncertain, 33, 609-611 Doses per exam (past, present) not measured, 33, 36, 609, 610 Downward & upward pressures on post-1960 per-capita population dose, explained, 34-35 Net effect is probably downward, 37, 624 Distinction between per-capita population dose and per-patient dose, 93-94 Perfect correlation, e12, e63, e95. Can persist while x-values rise, y values fall, 97-98 Perfect proportionality, e62, e63, e93, e97 Pericardium, e599 Per-patient dose, alike in 9 Census Divisions, 93-94, 623 Per-rad potency. Please see: Risk per rad. Perry (I.J.) 1995: Plasma homocysteine & IHD, 331 Peterson (Ken M.) 1999: Co-author w. K.Z. Morgan, 50 Petrie (B.L.) 1987+1988: Viral etiology atheroscl, 308 Phillipson (B.E.), research on n-3 fatty acids, 563 Photofluorogram, e611 Photon, e38. The biological damage from xrays is due to the photons which never reach the film, 8 PHS 1959: Measures needed to limit radn exposure, 32 Estimated annual per capita dose, 33 PHS 1992: Multiple reference years, age-adju MRs, 82 PHS 1995: State-distribution in the Census Divs, 57 U.S. population in 1940 by age-bands, 82, 87 PhysPop values 1975-1994, 59 Breast cancer age-specific rates (1950-1993), 88 PhysPop = Physicians per 100,000 population, e5, e12. PhysPop values by Census Divisions reflect relative magnitude of per capita population dose from medical radiation, 53-54, 499 NonCancer NonIHD analysis supports validity of of this surrogacy, 223, 514 How PhysPop reflects accumulated per capita dose, 12, 56, 61, 65, 100 Stability of PhysPop proportions & ranking over decades, by Census Divs, 61, 63-65, 356-358, 366 Tabulated non-averaged, 66, 76. Averaged, 359, 360 Merits of using PhysPops as dose surrogates, 11-12, 14-15, 54-55, 500 PhysPop history permits this inquiry, 65, 356 Pickels (Edward G.) 1942+1943: The engineering/ physics genius who produced two remarkable instru- ments, the electrically driven analytical ultra- centrifuge & the preparative ultracentrifuge, 311 "Pie-charts" of estimated per-capita radn doses, 37 Pierce (Donald A.), Radn Effects Research Foundation: 1996-a: A-Bomb Study really a LOW-dose study, 42 Pierce (D.A.) continues: 1996-b: Latency lasts at least 45 years, 49 Dose-response is linear or supra-linear, 43 Under-reporting of cancer mortality, 81 Female genital cancers & bomb-exposure, 162 Pierce (Frank T., Jr.), valued member of the Donner lipoprotein group: 1952: Explained Duff's 1949 "smoking gun," 539 1954-a: Steady-state concentrations, lipoprots, 542 1954-b: Hepatitis & serum lipoproteins, 543, 577 Pifer (J.W.) 1963: Healthy babies got fluoroscoped, 29 "Pipeline," cancer-cases in the pipeline, 91 Pitfalls in epidemiology: Too many statistical operations, 15 Failure to appreciate equilibrium, 50 Snapshot epidemiology, 594-598 Use of tainted databases, 54-55, 216 Discarding established barriers against bias, 43, 546, 617 Failure in matching, 98-99, 112, 165, 358, 367, 512, 543. Failure, in non-radn studies, to match for medical radiation, 515. Failure to match for level of medical care, 617-620 Pitt (B.) 1995: IHD therapy, prevention, 336 Placebo = an inactive substance designed to appear identical to an active ("real") medicine, 319, 320 Plaque (atherosclerotic), e300. A "hive of activity," 339, 347. An "edifice," 347 Localized nature requires explanation, 300, 339, 349 Plaque rupture (or fissure) & infarcts, 321-325. After strenuous exercise (Black's Crack), 324 Thrombogenic lipid core meets bloodstream, 322-323 Nonfatal rupture & plaque growth, 321, 322, 348 Plaque erosion, 321 Stabilization of plaque. Please see: Stabilization. Add'l entry: Atherosclerosis (Features of lesions). Plasma is the colorless-fluid portion of whole blood. Serum is plasma after removal of the blood-clotting factors. When whole blood is allowed to clot, blood serum is the clear liquid which separates from it. Both plasma and serum contain the lipoproteins described by pages 310-313. "Cloudy" serum, 315 Plasma lipoproteins: Basic data, e310, e556. Varieties and history, 311-313, 333, 334, 538-554 Constant composition, or not? 542, 549, 550 Molecules in metabolic chain, 315, 335, 542, 561-562 Studied in their native states, 311, 312, 313, 315, 539, 561 Diagrams of size, composition, 333 Cholesterol-rich, triglyceride-rich, 313 Molecular weights, diameters, 333 "Giants," 312, 317. Size matters, 310-312, 314, 539 Nomenclature (current): LDL, IDL, VLDL, 312 Flotation diagrams, 2 discrete species, 334 Concentration by age, gender, 570, e576, 596 Fasting vs. non-fasting levels, 541-542 Body-weight & serum lipoproteins, 569-571 Steady-state concentrations, 316, 542 Cases classed by types (e.g., Type II-a), 563 Plasma lipoproteins: Lipid Hypothesis, e310, e595. 310-316, 538-554. "Foreign bodies," 310, 338 Integrated exposure over time, 594, 595, 596, 598 An early piece of good luck, 540 Initial case-control studies, 540-541, 594 First 3 prospective studies, 544-548, 579-580, 594 Why lipid-levels only APPEARED less important at older ages, 594-598 Once an atherogen, always an atherogen, 598 Determination of independent atherogenicity, 314, 315, 543-544, 552-554, 586, 594 "Not easy to do," 544 Clinical effects of reducing plasma "lipids," 318-321, 322, 336. Please see: Stabilization. Retention of lipoprots in the intima, 316-318. Denatured, reduced solubility, 316. Oxidation of the lipoprotein molecules, 307, 317, 345, 569 Plasma lipoproteins: Some current controversies. HDL: Is HDL truly anti-atherogenic? 314, 577-585 Small, dense LDL particles: Very bad? 586-593 Serum triglyceride: Atherogenicity, 314-316, 555-566 High-carbohydrate diets, 315, 558-561 Beware of "snapshot epidemiology": Once an atherogen, always an atherogen, 598 Obligation to determine that therapies do not convert non-atherogenic lipoproteins into athero- genic ones, 311, 561-562, 564 Mediterranean diet, n-3 fatty acids, 566-569 Dissent on lipid-lowering therapies, 319, 336 How much health-benefit would accrue from retaining our age-20 weight? 571 Plowshare Project: Peaceful use of atomic bombs, viii Plutonium, viii Pneumothorax TB therapy, e28, 48, 523, 527. Also: 501. Policies in this monograph: Show steps from raw data to results, 2 Adjusted data: Show "before" & "after" values, 367 Significant figures and trailing digits, 83 Polonium-210, alpha-emitter from cig smoke, 329, 362 Populations, 1910-1990, of Census Divisions, 75 Poretti (G.) 1985: How to cut xray dose, 23 Portioli (R.J.) 1963: Heart damage & radn therapy, 601 PostCABG 1997: Trial of IHD therapy, 336 Postponing (vs. preventing) disease, 1 Pravastatin 1993: IHD therapy and prevention, 336 Prediction of National MortRates by PhysPop dose- response 20 years earlier, 214, 296, 513 Predisposition (inherited). To cancer, 3, 51, 92, 164-165, 496. To IHD, 351 Pregnancy: Fetal irradn was quite common, 17, 30, 342 Pre-natal xrays: Few tracks/cell nucleus, 524 Prentice (R.T.W.) 1965: Heart damage by radn, 601-602 Preston (Dale L.) 1997: "Simply no way" that A-Bomb evidence suggests a threshold for solid cancers, 46 Prevalence (of a disease), e277 Prevention of disease: A chief reason to study causes, 1, 19, 20, 310 Secondary prevention = preventing the recurrence or progression of an existing disorder. Primary ionization track, e38. Please see: Track. Progression of atherosclerotic lesions, 303, 318, 319, 321, 322, 346, 347, 348, 349, 352, 594 Prokopczyk (B.) 1996+1997: Papilloma virus needs co-actor to cause cervical cancer, 165 Proliferative advantage from mutation, 8, 16, 330, 340, 341, 534 "Promiscuous" use of radiotherapy (Dewing 1965), 30 Promotion, in carcinogenesis, 3, 114, 330, 376 Trosko on membrane-Ca++ regulation, 330 Properzio (W.S.) 1985: How to cut xray dose, 23 Proportionality, e61, e62, e63, e93. R-squared reflects deviation from perfect proportionality, 64 Prospective studies, e544, e580, e595. Evidence of what precedes what, 544 Selective pressure, 580 "Gold standard," 213. Dose-response, 513 Size of such studies matters, 15, 213, 501 This monograph represents one of the largest prospective studies imaginable, 214, 216, 501 Prediction of Natl MortRates by PhysPop dose- response 20 years earlier, 214, 296, 513 Early prospective studies on plasma lipoproteins and IHD: Coop, 545-546. Framingham, 546-547, 579-580. Livermore, 547-548, 580. Lipid-lowering trials, 318-321 Generic hazard of "snapshot" epidemiology, 594-598 Prosser (J.S.) 1983: Low-energy radn & mutations, 46 Prudence, in medicine, 20, 362 (Surgeon General) PTCA = Percutaneous Transluminal Cardio-Angioplasties. Associated xray dosage, 36, 600 Number per year, USA, and age of patients, 36, 37 Public Health Service, 32, 35, 57, 58, 82, 361, 609 Surgeon General is PHS chief, 32, 361. Pls see: PHS. Purrott (R.J.) 1977: Radn-induced mutatons, 46Q, R
Quality-assurance in xray facilities, 23, 35 Quinn (T.G.) 1992: IHD therapy and prevention, 336 R. R = correlation coefficient, e12, e63. R is always a higher number than R-squared (whose max = 1.0). Rad defined, e517. Please see: Risk per rad. Radford (Edward P.), Chair of BEIR-1980 Com'tee, 40. 1964+1977: Polonium-210 in cigarette smoke, 362 1982: Ionizing radn = most consistent carcinogen, 40 Radiation, defined. Please see: Ionizing radiation. Radiation Effects Research Fdn: Described in Ref.List. Radiation-induced cancer, defined, e3, e356 Radiation therapy for cancer. Pls see: Radiotherapy. Radio-isotope = radio-nuclide. Please see below. "Radiomaniacs" in early xray usage (MacKee 1938), 28 Radio-nuclide = a radioactive atom which will decay by emitting some type of ionizing radiation, 35 "Radio-phobia," 17 Radiotherapy for cancer, 1, 2, 9, 508-509, 520, 600 Some dose-levels, 600, 601, 605 Cause and treatment by the same agent? 2 Radn-therapy tried also for benign disorders, 28, 30 Radium & its daughters: Gamma rays, 30, 51, 522 Alpha emissions, 32 Radon, a radioactive gas. Co-actor with smoking, 4. Exposure of uranium miners, 32. Radon adds to nat- ural background dose, 520. Evaluated by IARC, 41 Rank order, behavior over decades. Census Divisions by PhysPop values, 66, 359 Men by "snapshot" lipoprotein levels, 597-598 Rapp (J.H.) 1991: Direct influence of dietary fatty acids on fatty acid of lesions, 569 Ravenskov (U.) 1991+1992+1993+1994+1995a+1995b: Skeptic about benefits of lipid-lowering, 319, 336 Rayer (P.) 1823: Inflammation & atherosclerosis, 305 "Reality check" on the free-radical argument, 531 Reardon (M.F.) 1985: Triglyceride & IHD risk, 565 "Reasonable standard of biomedical proof," 46, 521,525 Regression analysis, e12, e94 How it is done, 94, 108-110 Equation of best fit, 94, 110 Graphs: Line of best fit, 94, 110, 115, 117 Reversal of x,y designation doesn't chg R-sq 64, 359 Regression of atheroscl lesions, 321, 322,, 347 Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), e518 Relative weight = ratio of actual weight over "ideal" weight for a particular height and gender, 570. Here, relative weight tables were prepared by Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Rem, e518. One centi-sievert (cSv). "Remarkable finding," how death-rates relate to physician-density, 296 Renaud (Serge) 1995: Lyon Diet Heart Study, 556, 566, 568, 569. 1996: Why the study had to be stopped early, 567 Repair-system of cell for genetic damage: 44-45, 521 Capacity not saturated by high-dose radn, 46, 523 Time for repair = a few hours, 523, 527 Least possible challenge to repair-system = 1 ioniz- ation track, 44, 45, 522, 523, 524, 525, 527 Some lesions defy perfect repair, 8, 38, 39, 40, 45, 524, 527, 528-529, 532 "Troublesome trio," e524. LMDS, e528 Unrepaired damage = mutation, 38, 39, 340, 531 Repair of single-strand DNA damage, more successful than repair of double-strand breaks, 528, 529 Perfectly repaired damage, no consequence, 342, 532 Mutation of the repair-genes themselves, 39, 534 RERF = Radiation Effects Research Foundation, e41 Respiratory-System Cancers: Post-1940 impact of smoking, 366-367, 368 (Box 2), 369,, 371 (Fig 48-B) Response to Injury Hypothesis, e306. 306-310 Add'l entry: Endothelial cells. Restenosis, e308 Retroactive changes in databases, 43, 546 Retzlaff (B.M.) 1995: Dietary carbohydrate effect, 560 Rheumatic fever, after anti-biotic revolution, 618 Rice (Jerry M.): IARC on radiation, 41 Richardson (P.D.) 1989: Thin fibrous caps, 323 Riches (A.C.) 1997: 14 rads alpha radn corresponds with about 2 ionization tracks per cell, 529 Richter (Elihu): AAAS Breast Cancer Symposium, 51 Ricketts (W.E.) 1951: Xray therapy of peptic ulcer, 31 Ridker (Paul M.), 300. 1997+1998: C-reactive protein predicts first infarct, 306. 1999: Homocysteine 331 Riemersma (R.A.) 1989: Anti-arrhythmia effect of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids, 569 Rifkind (Basil U.), co-author of Gordon 1989, 578 Rimkus (D.) 1984: How to cut xray dose, 23 Rimm (E.B.) 1993: Anti-oxidants and IHD, 569 Rings (chromosomal), radiation-inducible, 5, 7, 39 Ringworm of scalp: Xray therapy used, 30, 524 Risk per rad: Reasons for uncertainty, 11, 48, 500, 515 BEIR 1990 admits some low-dose studies show risk per rad "substantially" above its own estimate, 11 BEIR 1990 admits defeat in explaining 6-fold diff in apparent risk/rad for breast cancer, 48 Evans 1986 admits any risk/rad est is uncertain, 501 Alteration of per-rad risk by co-actors, 4, 90, 98, 114, 376-377, 483, 497, 499, 623. How: 377, 497 Inclusion of high-dose data will cause underestimated risk/rad at low doses, 43, 520 Variation of per-rad risk by organs, 377 Per-rad risk & X-coefficient, 499. Pls see: X-Coef. Risk versus rate: Individuals vs. group, 46 Roback (G.) 1990+1994: 75. Please see AMA 1990+1994. Roberts (W.C.) 1972+1973+1974+1975: Composition of plaques at autopsy, 604 1978: Rate of autopsies in 1950, 81 1981, co-author of Brosius 1981, 605 Rocky Mountins: Target of peaceful atom-bombs, viii Roentgen, a dose-unit (R, or r), e517 Roentgenoscopy means fluoroscopy, e28, e29, e610 "Roentgen Tragedy," 499 Roentgen (Wilhelm) 1895: Discovery of the xray, 9, 27, 77, 210, 212 Rohl (A.N.) 1976: Asbestos-contaminated talc, 163 Ron (Elaine) 1991: Xray-induced skin tumors, 297. 1995: Gamma-induced benign GI tumors, 297 Rosano (G.M.C.) 1993: Estrogen & plasma lipids, 352 Rosenberg (Harry) helpful at Natl Ctr Health Stats, 79 Rosenfeld (M.E.) 1987+1987b: Early lesions develop at sites of intact endothelium, 307. 1990: Oxidized LDL and endothelium, 307 Rosenson (R.S.) 1998: IHD therapy & prevention, 336 Rosenstein (M.) 1979: Reducing size of xray beam, 34 Ross. Ross (Russell) 1973+1976+1976b+1977+1981+1986+1993: "Response to endothelial injury" hypothesis, 306-307 Early lesions occur at intact sites, 307 Atherosclerotic lesions, 302. Oxidized lipopro- teins, 317, 318. Platelet-derived growth factor & cell proliferation, 326-327. Fatty streaks, 338 Rossouw (J.) 1990: NonIHD death & lipid-lowering, 319 Rothwell (N.) 1993: Multiple mutations/cancer cell, 3 Rowley (K.) 1987: How to cut xray dose, 23 Royal College 1983: Smoking in Britain, 361, 363, 370 R-squared value, e12, e63, e64, e95 Maximum value = 1.00, 95 Summary of R-squared findings for 1940, 1950, 22 Rubin (E.) 1963: Heart damage from radiation, 601 Rubin (L.) 1954: Mononucleosis & lipoproteins, 543 Rubins (H.B.) 1995: Variations in plasma HDL conc, 579 Rudel (L.) 1986: Gel filtration of lipoproteins, 564S
Sacks (F.M.) 1996: Pravastatin trial, 320, 336 Safe dose = risk-free, threshold dose, e8, e44, e521, e526, e529 Safe Dose (continues): Evidence against any safe dose, 44-46, 521-529 Safe way to reduce cancer & IHD, 1, 18, 20 Sandker (G.N.) 1993: Ratio n-6/n-3 fatty acids, 568 Sasaki (M.S.) 1975: Radn & chromosome mutations, 38 efficient chromosome-breaker, 38 Scandinavian 1994: IHD therapy, 319, 336 (Pedersen) Scatter of datapoints, 63, 64, 92, 110 Scatter of photons, 600 "Schools" over what initiates atherogenesis, 305 Schuler (G.) 1992: IHD therapy and prevention, 336 Schull (Wm.): A-Bomb Study & IHD, 501-502 Scoliosis = curvature of spine, e17. Immense cut in associated xray dose is demonstrated, 17-18 S.E. S.E. = standard error, e12, e95 X-coef/SE reflects reliability of slope, 12, 95 Seaborg (Glenn T.) 1972: History of U-233, viii. 1993: AEC treatment of dissent, viii, 533 Secondary prevention. Please see: Prevention. SEER 1997, 187. Changes in US cancer-rates, 506 Segal (A.J.) 1982: How to cut xray dose, 23 Segaloff (A.) 1971: Co-action, radn & estrogen, 114 Selective pressure & prospective studies, e580-581 "Select themselves out," 296 Serum. Please see: Plasma. Sf unit: Identifier of lipoproteins, e312, e335, e541. One Sf unit represents a flotation rate of 1 * 10^-13 cm/second/dyne/gm. Since the analytical ultracentrifugation of low-density serum lipoproteins is carried out under specified physical conditions (lipoprots in a sodium chloride solution of density 1.063 gm/cc at 26 degrees C.; 52,640 RPM at a radius of 72.5 mm from the center of rotation to base of the cell), the flotation rate for a par- ticular lipoprotein species is a physical constant characteristic of the species, after adjustment for concentration effects (Gofman 1954-a, p.414-415). Std Sf, e541. And 1956 Coop Study, 545 Shah (K.V.) 1997: Papilloma virus & cervical canc, 164 Shameful to have cancer in family (a belief), 498, 510 Shapiro (J.) 1990: Closeness, roentgens & rads, 517 Shepherd (J.) 1995: Pravastatin study, 319, 320, 336 Shimizu (Y.) 1987+1988: Linear vs. supralinear dose-response, A-bomb-induced cancer, 42 1992: A-Bomb Survivors & noncancer rates, 501-502 Shleien (B.) 1977: Annual rate of xrays by age, 616 Shope (Thomas) 1996+1997: Fluoroscopy. Big increase in use since 1977; ways to reduce dose, 35-36 Shore (Bernard): Valued member of Donner group, 542 Pioneer in recognizing & characterizing lipoprotein lipase. Shore (Roy E.) 1993: Radn-induced benign tumors, 297 Shore (Virgie) 542. "Donner Dinner" in honor of her & F. Lindgren: Please see Gofman 1990-b in Ref. List. "Shortcut which fogs the lens," 316, 352 Shoveling snow & heart attack, 324 Shrivastava (P.N.) 1980: How to cut xray dose, 23 Sievert (dose-unit), e518. 100 rems. Significant figures & trailing digits, this book, 83 Simonton (John H.) 1951: Macrophage migration NOT the source of lipid-filled foam cells, 542 Simopoulos (A.P.) 1998: Dietary fatty acids, 563, 564 Singh (R.B.) 1992a+b: IHD diet-study like Lyon, 568 Single-cell origin of cancer, 325, 526, 529, 534 Single ioniz track can cause mutation. Pls see: Track. Single-strand DNA damage & repair, 528, 529 Skin cancer in early radiologists, 32 And in patients xray-treated for ringworm, 297 Skin disorders, treated by xrays, 30-31 Skin injury by xrays, 28, 606-607. Cancer: 32, 297 Slattery (M.L.) 1989: Cig. smoke & cervical ca, 165 Slope of the best-fit line, 64, e94 Reliability is indicated by ratio (Xcoef/SE), 96 Slyper (A.H.) 1994: LDL and atherosclerosis, 586 "Small, dense LDL particles," 313, 586-593 "Small numbers problem," e107, 162, 169, 181 SMC = Smooth Muscle Cell, e340 Smith (Elspeth) 1967+1972+1974+1975+1976+1977: Entry, retention, egress of lipoprots, 317-318. 1977: "Infinite variety" of athero lesions, 300, 302 Smith (G.) 1992: Lipid-lowering, nonIHD death 319, 336 Smith (Karen) 1997: CMV infection & restenosis, 309 Smoke's primary lung-carcinogen is alpha radn? 362 Smoking-adjusted MortRates, method, 378-381, 624 "Smoking guns" (observations having bigger meanings): 1949: Cholesterol-fed diabetic rabbits, 539 1952: Xanthoma regression, 543 1981: Higher cancer-rate & higher PhysPops, 50, 52 1999: Strong dose-response, PhysPop & IHD-rate, 337 1999: Cancer & IHD relationships with PhysPop are so similar, and so unlike NonCancNonIHD, 298, 337 Smoking of cigarettes. Please see: Cigarette smoking. Smooth muscle cells of arteries, e299, e306 SMCs located in arterial media, 299 SMCs located in fatty streaks, 338 SMCs located in plaque, 301, 302, 303 SMCs crucial to fibrous caps, 323, 324 New view of their role in acute events, 323-324 Functions of normal SMCs, 305, 340 Mutated, dysfunctional clones of SMCs, e339, 341-342 Expanding plaque may acquire normal SMCs too, 347 "Snapshot epidemiology," generic hazard, e595, e598 Snapshots in pathologic examinations, 300 Snow shoveling & heart attacks, 324 Solid cancers, e42 "Spectacular" correlations in the data, 12, 13, 272 Speir (Edith) 1994: Viral protein & p53, 308-309, 331 Spodick (D.H.) 1959: Heart damage & radn therapy, 601 "Spontaneous" cancer-rate, includes xray-induced, 50 Srinivasan (S.R.) 1972: Lipid-retention, intima, 318 Stabilization of plaque against rupture, 321, 324, 325, 345, 569. Libby: Integrity of fibrous cap determines stability, 323. Unified Model and lipid-lowering benefits, 346-347, 353 Stamler (J.S.) 1996: Homocysteine & nitric oxide, 331 Stampfer (Meir J.). 1992: homocysteine & IHD, 331. 1993: Vitamin-E vs. IHD, 569. 1996: Triglyceride controversy, 316. Small, dense LDL particles and IHD risk, 586, 587, 592 "Standard Million Population, 1940," e83, 87 Standard Sf Unit, e335, e541 Stanton (R.) 1983: How to cut xray dose, 23 "Startling fact" described by Benditt, 326 Stary (Herbert C.) 1987: Lipid pool & foam cells, 318. 1992: Compensatory remodeling of wall by plaque, 303 1994+1995: Stages, types of atheroscl lesions, 301 Stather (John W.): NRPB rejects threshold, 527 Statins: Lipid-lowering pharmaceuticals, e319 Three trials described, 319, 320. Some others, 336 Statistical operations: Many layers can lead to unreliable results, 15 Statistical significance, 43 R-squared value = 0.3 or higher, 95 X-Coef/SE (ratio) = 2.0 or higher, 12, 22, 96 P-value = 0.05 or lower, 162 Sig. correlation, 1921 PhysPops & 1940 cancer MortRates, 211, 214 Sig. correlation, 1931 PhysPops & 1950 IHD MortRates, 281, 290 Stat. significance & female genital cancers, 161-163 Graph of a NON-significant dose-response, 167 Sig. & the "small numbers problem," 107, 162, 169 Steepness (visual) of best-fit line varies with the scale of a graph, 110, 225. Absolute steepness is measured by X-Coef, 213, 218, 220, 221 Steer (A.) 1973: Pre-death diagnosis vs. autopsy, 81 Steinberg (D.) 1991: Oxidized LDL & endothelium, 307 Steinbrecher (U.P). 1990: OxLDL & endothelium, 307 Stemerman (M.B.) 1972: Endothelial injury, 306 Stenosis (narrowing of lumen), by percentages, e303 Occlusion (silent), 348 Evidence destroys dogma that the most stenotic plaques are the most dangerous, 304, 322, 347-348 Negligible stenotic regression is associated w the big clinical benefits of lipid-lowering, 321, 345, 347. Stents (radioactive) to prevent re-stenosis, 35 Sterilization of cells by radiation, 2 Stewart (Alice) 1956+1958+1970: Cancer from very few ionization tracks per cell-nucleus, 524 Stewart (J.R.) 1967+1984: Heart damage by high-dose radiation, 601-603, 606, 607 Stewart (William H.) 1960: PhysPop data, 58 Stigma, against cancer in the family, 81, 498, 510 Stochastic, non-stochastic, e502 Stomach cancer. Diagnostic difficulty, 22, 81, 274 HelicoBacter pylori as a possible co-actor, 435 Storey (Alan) 1998: Inherited risk, cervical canc, 165 Straume (T.) 1995: Xray more mutagenic than bomb 46-47 Strisower (Beverly). Please see Donner Laboratory. Strong (J.P.) 1966: Internatl Atheroscl Project, 321 Structural chromosome mutations, e39, e533. Ionizing radn is a well-established cause, 528, 533 Very low doubling-dose, 39. Please see: Chromosome. And: Ionizing radn. And: Mutation. Suleiman (O.H.) 1992: Correct film-processing would reduce xray dose, 35 Sulkin (N.M.): How do lipids get into plaque? 542 Sullivan (C.) 1986: Regression analysis by LOTUS, 94 Sullivan (D.R.) 1986: Dietary fish oil & lipoprots 564 Sulzberger (M.B.) 1952: Xray therapy of dermatoses, 30 Suntharalingham (N.) 1982: Unpredictable doses, 33 Supra-linear dose-response, e42. Observed in A-Bomb Study, 42, 43. Not expected from PhysPop, 93-94 SurgeonGen 1964: Cigarettes & lung-cancer, 361-362 Co-actors in single case of disease 3, 283, 362, 495 Surgery and xrays. Use of xrays is increasing, 2, 9, 28. List of high-dose surgeries, 36 Past usage, 29, 30. Surgery: Post-surgical infection, 618 Surprise when strong, positive PhysPop-IHD correlation was uncovered, 13, 16, 233 Svedberg (The) 1940: Great Swedish physical chemist who pioneered ultracentrifugation, 335 Syphilis: Mid-century revolution in treatment, 618T
Talcum-powder (genital) & ovarian cancer, 163-164 USA: 28% to 51% of women use it, 164 Tamplin (Arthur R.), viii. A very valued colleague in some of the work leading to both Hypothesis-1 and Hypothesis-2. Co-author of several papers in the Reference List. Tamponade, acute heart-compression, e602 TaskForce 1994: Lowering of serum cholesterol 319, 336 Taylor (Kenneth W.) 1979+1983: Demonstrated how to cut xray dose to 33% in radiologic offices, without loss of image-quality & without expensive purchases, 51 T-cells can inhibit collagen synthesis for cap, 323 Tchernof (A.), co-author of Lamarche 1997, 586 Temin (H.) 1988: Mutation-sequence in tumor cells, 535 Terkel (Studs) 1995: AEC effort to stifle dissent, 533 TG = Triglyceride, e562 Thallium-201 heart exam: Radn doses, 49 Thermoluminescent dosimeter, simple & low cost, 18 Thom. Thom (D.H.) 1992: Half of IHD still unexplained, 337 Chlamydia pneumoniae & IHD, 309 Thomas (W.A.) 1963+1979+1983: Studies of monoclonality in atherosclerotic lesions of aorta, 326, 328 Thompson (P.D.) 1997: Exercise & plaque rupture, 324 Thorium, thorotrast, & liver cancer, 32 Threshold dose-level = risk-free safe level, e43, e521, e526, e529 Evidence from 3 similar reports that no threshold exists for radn mutagenesis, 44-46, 521-529 Also: A-Bomb Study suggests no threshold, 43, 46 "Thrombogenic Lipid Core" under the fibrous cap, 323 Thrombus (blood clot) e275. And acute IHD events 275 Thrombosis triggers large share of acute IHD events, 275, 321-322, 324. Nonfatal thrombus can increase plaque-size, 321, 322, 352 Thymus gland = a gland located under the breast plate. High-dose thymus irradn before tonsils removed, 28 Thyroid cancer following thymus irradiation, 32 Thyroid hormone & plasma lipoprotein levels, 352 "Tight" dose-response, e10 TIMPS, e340. Protects extracellular matrix. Tissue factor, e322-323. Potent pro-coagulant. TLD = ThermoLuminescent Dosimeter, e18 Tlsty (T.D.) 1993: Genomic instability & canc 533, 535 Tobacco 1976: Britain's cigarette history, 370 Tobacco consumption (annual), pounds/capita, 374 Tonomura (A.) 1983: Chromo mutations accumulate, 39 Track (ionization), e38, e45, e525 Single track can cause consequential mutations, but far from certain that it will, 8, 45, 522, 526, 527, 536. Single alpha track, 529. Number of tracks per cell-nucleus = the relevant way to define lowest possible dose & dose-rate, 45, 521, Gofman. 525, UNSCEAR. 527, NRPB. Conversion, rads to tracks/nucleus, 45, 522, 523. Separate estimate by UNSCEAR, 525 Track analysis + epidemiology, combined, settle the threshold issue, 44. UNSCEAR on combination, 525 Tracy (R.E.) 1965: LDL retenion in intima, 318 Trailing digits & significant figures, this book, 83 "Trail of cancer-consequences," (each annual dose) 210 Translocations, radiation-induced, 5, 7, 39 Treasure (C.B.) 1995: Why lipid-lowering "works," 345 Triglyceride (TG), e562. Transport in blood, 310, 556 Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, e313, e333 Controversy on independent atherogenicity of "TG", 314-316, 544, 555, 565 Affirmative view on Sf 20-100+, 314-315, 316, 561 Affirmative "View from Framingham," 565-566 High-carbo diets raise Sf 20-400, 315, 559-560, 573 High-carbo diets raise "total TG," 560 Health hazard of reliance on "Total TG" measurement, 311, 315-316, 561-562, 564 "Trio Sequence" of Census Divisions, 61, e66, e357, e366, 369 Tritium ~ 5-fold more mutagenic than bomb radn, 47 Trosko (J.E.) 1980: Proposed that mutations are necessary but not sufficient for atherogenesis, 329-330. Radiation and smoke as mutagens, 330, 350 "Troublesome trio" for repair of gene-damage, e524 Tuberculosis: Pneumothorax therapy, e28, 48, 523, 618 Mid-century revolution in treatment, 618 Tucker (J.D.) 1994: Chromo mutations accumulate, 39 Tumors (benign) induced by radiation: evidence, 297 Tyndall (D.) 1987: How to cut xray dose, 23U, V
Ulcers: Some deaths reported as ulcer, truly stomach canc? 22, 81, 274. Ulcers & radiotherapy, 30, 31 Ultracentrifugation of plasma lipoproteins, 311 Flotation vs. sedimentation, 333. Sf unit measures speed of flotation, 312, 335. Flotation diagram & movement of inverted peaks, 334 The Svedberg, pioneer of the instrument, 335 Ultracentrifugation vs. chemical analysis of the plasma lipoproteins, 316, 544, 553, 554, 564 Underprocessing of xray film: Increases xray dose, 35 Unified Model of Atherogenesis & Acute IHD Death. Intersection of lipoproteins & mutations, 337-343 Numerous genetic pathways to dysfunction, 341 "Smoking Gun": Strong PhysPop-IHD dose-response, 337 Why lesions are very localized, 339 Why only certain plaques are rupture-prone, 342 Why lipid-lowering cuts acute events, 346, 347, 353 This model consistent w. other risk-factors, 345-353 This model consistent w benefits of Medit Diet, 569 Pre-xray IHD: Natural radn & nonradn mutagens, 342 Uniquely potent mutagen: Ionizing radn 8, 38, 515, 532 Unmatched co-actor: Cigarette smoking, 358, 366-367 UNSCEAR = United Nations Sci Comtee on Effects Atomic Radn, e32. Slash separates page from paragraph, 525 1958: Report during fallout furor, 32 1982: Co-actors alter per-rad potency, 114, 377 1986: Initial latency of leukemia < 5 years, 91 1988: Radn can induce cancer in most organs, 40 1988: List of ways to cut xray dose, 23 1988+1993: Number of xray exams per capita is proportional to PhysPop, 12, 54. 1993: Threshold would demand perfect repair 45, 527 "Significant radiol. impact" of diag. xrays, 17 Xray exams: Annual numbers of med + dental, 11 1994: "Adaptive" responses to radiation, 617 Upper G.I. Exam: Dose and exposed organs, 49 Upton (Arthur C.), Chairman of forthcoming threshold study for NCRP, 529 Uranium decay-series, 329. Discovery of U-233, viii Urbanization at mid-century, 511 Van de Wal (A.C.) 1994: Plaque stabilization, 325 Verhoef (P.) 1994: Homocysteine & vasc. disease, 331 Viruses. As carcinogens, 164-165, 210, 496 As atherogens, 307-309 Vivo, vitro. Please see: In vivo, In vitro. VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoproteins), e312W
Wagner (R.S.) 1976: How to cut xray dose, 23 Waller (B.F.), co-author of Brosius 1981, 605 Ward (John F.), Research Professor of Radiology, UnivCalif LaJolla, & a leading authority in study of how radn interacts with cells, 38, 528, 532. 1985+1985b+1988+1990+1991a+1991b+1994+1995, 532. Warren (Shields) 1942: Effects of high-dose radiation upon heart & small blood vessels, 606-607 Waters (D.) 1994: IHD therapy & prevention, 336 Watts (G.F.) 1992: IHD therapy & prevention, 336 Webster 1954: "Ideal" data, e62 Webster (M.W.I.) 1990: Silent occlusions, 348 "We don't DO that anymore!" 37 Weight fluctuations & lipoprots, 569-571, 595-596 Weiss (P.) 1998: Another Face of Entropy, 100 Well-baby check-ups with fluoroscopy, 29, 31, 610 Wells (H.G.) 1923: Clinical diagnoses vs. autopsy, 81 West Scotland Pravastatin Study, 319-320 "What if..." speculations, 112 Whites-only analysis, 211, 218, 295 WHO = World Health Organization (United Nations). WHO 1958: ICD system, e80, e84, & Ref. List. WHO 1995: Thyroid canc latency < 5 yr after radn, 91 WHO 1996: Xrays listed as a cause of cancer, 41 Helicobacter pylori, co-actor in stomach canc, 435 Hepatitis virus, a co-actor in liver cancer, 496 "Whole new ballgame" begins, 339 Wiatrowski (W.A.) 1983: How to cut xray dose, 23 Wilcox (J.N.) 1989: Tissue factor & thrombosis, 323 Winklestein (W.,Jr.) 1990: Smoking & cervical ca, 165 Winters (T.H.) 1982a+b: Polonium-210 & cig. smoke, 362 Witztum (J.L.) 1991: Oxidized LDL, 569 Wochos (J.F.) 1977+1979: Xray dose differs by place 33 Wolbach (S.B.) 1909: Delayed, progressive vascular damage by xrays, 607 Wolfman (L.) 1986: Rising sales of xray film, 34 Wong (F.L.) 1993: Bomb-induced benign tumors, 297 World Almanac 1991: Population figures, 75 World Health Organization. Please see: WHO. "Worse than silly," 19 Wright, Orville: On generic obstacle to progress, 515 Wu (Li-Jun) 1999: Mutations by alpha radn, 529X, Y, Z
Xanthoma: Lipid-filled lesions of skin and tendon sheath, e315, 335, e543, 351. Equivalent of visible atheromas, 543, 557 Lessons from observing their behavior, 557 Involution after favorable change of plasma lipo- protein levels, 335, 543, 557, 561, 575 Low HDL, high Sf 0-400, 577 X-chromosome: Inactivation of one in females, 325 X-coefficient, e14, e63, e64, e94 Units of y, per unit of x. Risk/rad, 499 Demo that X-coefs reflect slope, 213, 218, 220, 221 Xcoef/SE reflects slope's reliability, 12, 95-96 Negative sign means a downward slope, 13, 99, 225, 507, 642 Xrays, e517. Discovered in 1895, 9, 27, 77, 210, 212 Cancer & IHD before 1895, 10, 209, 210, 342 Biological impact of the xrays which never reach the film (or other image-receiver), 8 A uniquely potent mutagen, 8, 38, 515, 532 More mutagenic than gamma & beta radn, 9, 46-48 Misconception: Xrays are too "weak" to hurt, 31 Benefits of medical xrays, 9, 17, 19, 91, 234, 515 Xrays are the agent in CT scans, fluoroscopy, mammography, 2, 5, 7, 9, 18 Skin radiotherapy: Super-soft vs. superficial, e31 Avg photon-energy ~ 1/3 of peak kilovoltage, 48, 522 Orthovoltage xrays, e47, e48 Xrays: History 1896-1960 of medical usage, 27-32. Pre-1960 practices contribute to 1990 MortRates, 32 Radiotherapy tried on every chronic disease, 28, 30 (partial listing) Skin's response was only dose-meter for decades, 28 Radiotherapy was routine before tonsillectomy, 28 1937: No exam judged complete without xrays, 29, 610 Mid-century data on xray practice, 609-616 Who owned the xray machines in 1950? 615 Some approximate dose-levels: Avg fluoroscopy exam ~ 65 Roentgens, 30, 612 Baby's fluoro dose by age-1, sum ~ 100 R, 29, 31 Pediatric thymus therapy, sum ~ 250 rads, 28 Skin disorders, sum ~ 1,400 R, 30 Ulcers, sum ~ 2000 R, 30 Chest-xray dose was ~ 100-fold higher than now, 34 Xrays: History 1960-1999 of medical usage, 32-38, 356 Downward forces on avg per-capita pop'n dose, 34 Upward forces on avg per-capita pop'n dose, 34-37 CT scans are an upward force, 34 "Substantial increase" in fluoroscopy-use, 35 List of high-dose fluoroscopic exams, 36 Dose-measurement remains rare, 33 1989: Use of untrained xray operators, 35 X-variable. In regression analysis, e12. In graphs, 55, 56, 63, 108 Reversal of x,y designation doesn't chg R-sq 64, 359 Y. Y-axis: Scale varies with graph, 100, 225 Y-intercept, e95, e111 Y-variable. In regression analysis, e12, 64, 108 In graphs, 55, 63 Yamashiroya (H.M.) 1988: Viral etiology atheroscl, 307 Yeager (J. Franklin), Natl Heart Institute, 546 Yew (P.R.) 1989: Tumor hypothesis & atheroscl, 330 Yla-Herttuala (S.) 1986: Features of plaque, 303, 305 Young (S.G.) 1994: Oxidized LDL, 317 Young (Wei) 1960: Fenestra of internal elastica, 299 1963: Ingress, egress of lipoprots from intima, 317 Zhou (Yi Fu) 1996+1997: CMVirus and restenosis, 309 ZurHausen (H.) 1998: Co-actors in cervical canc, 164 Zweifach (B.W.), on junction between endo cells, 317
The guide to this index is located at page 677.
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